Chapter 23 Section 1 Notes Equality for Latinos and Native Americans

Origin of Latinos in U.S. Latino means anyone from Central Am. or Carribean Latino means anyone from Central Am. or Carribean Mexicans Mexicans Largest group Largest group Mostly settled in SW U.S. Mostly settled in SW U.S. Arrived at various times throughout history Arrived at various times throughout history Some were here when we added land Some were here when we added land Mexican – American war ( ) Mexican – American war ( ) Map on pg. 136 Map on pg. 136 Some arrived during Mexican Revolution Some arrived during Mexican Revolution 1910’s (pgs. 363 – 365) 1910’s (pgs. 363 – 365) Braceros arrived during WWII Braceros arrived during WWII U.S. needed cheap agricultural labor U.S. needed cheap agricultural labor Some arrived during 1960s Some arrived during 1960s Mexican economy was really bad Mexican economy was really bad

Other Latino Groups common in U.S. Puerto Ricans Puerto Ricans Became U.S. territory in 1898 (still is) Became U.S. territory in 1898 (still is) Treaty of Paris (end of Sp. – Am. War) Treaty of Paris (end of Sp. – Am. War) New York most populated city New York most populated city Cubans Cubans Became U.S. territory in 1898 Became U.S. territory in 1898 Independent in 1930s Independent in 1930s Many arrive in 1959 to flee Communism Many arrive in 1959 to flee Communism Castro Castro Miami most populated city Miami most populated city Variety of Central Am. Variety of Central Am. Countries Countries Why do people come to U.S? Why do people come to U.S? Civil War and poverty Civil War and poverty

Latino – Am. Problems in the 1960s & 1970s Job Discrimination Job Discrimination 50% higher unemployment and poverty rates than whites 50% higher unemployment and poverty rates than whites Housing Discrimination Housing Discrimination Couldn’t afford to buy a house Couldn’t afford to buy a house Many landlords wouldn’t rent to them Many landlords wouldn’t rent to them Had to live in Segregated Barrios Had to live in Segregated Barrios Poorly constructed shacks Poorly constructed shacks Businesses deny service Businesses deny service Just like African - Americans Just like African - Americans

Latino Activism in the 1960s & 1970s Farm Worker Movement Farm Worker Movement Led by Cesar Chavez Led by Cesar Chavez Believed workers needed a union Believed workers needed a union Better wages and benefits Better wages and benefits Organized boycott of California Grape growers Organized boycott of California Grape growers Mgmt. refused to recognize the union Mgmt. refused to recognize the union lasted 5 years lasted 5 years nonviolent (like MLK Jr.) nonviolent (like MLK Jr.) Eventually succeeded Eventually succeeded

Brown Power Movement Brown Power Movement Called for Bilingual Education Called for Bilingual Education National law passed in 1968 National law passed in 1968 Brown Berets Brown Berets Organized student walkouts in schools Organized student walkouts in schools Called for improvements Called for improvements Smaller class sizes Smaller class sizes More Latin Am. Role models More Latin Am. Role models teachers & administration teachers & administration Courses on Latin Am. history Courses on Latin Am. history Political power Political power elected mayors and members to Congress elected mayors and members to Congress

Native Am. Problems in the 1960s & 1970s Highest unemployment rate Highest unemployment rate Highest poverty rate Highest poverty rate Highest infant mortality rate Highest infant mortality rate Suffered most from alcoholism Suffered most from alcoholism High rates of drug abuse High rates of drug abuse Lowest life expectancy rate Lowest life expectancy rate MOST IF NOT ALL STILL TRUE TODAY! MOST IF NOT ALL STILL TRUE TODAY!

Native Am. Activism in the 1960s & 1970s Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961) Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961) Created by leaders of 90 Native American tribes Created by leaders of 90 Native American tribes no more termination policy no more termination policy Govt. funded attempts to assimilate (blend) Native Ams. with society. Govt. funded attempts to assimilate (blend) Native Ams. with society. Main Goal = Wanted autonomy Main Goal = Wanted autonomy independence to make own decisions regarding their people independence to make own decisions regarding their people need govt. financial assistance on reservations need govt. financial assistance on reservations Govt. responds slowly… but does provide $ Govt. responds slowly… but does provide $ President Kennedy with Native American Representatives Meeting the President. Washington: President Kennedy met with representatives of 90 American Indian tribes at the White House and was presented with the Declaration of Indian Purpose. During the ceremony, Kennedy described the American Indian as the "First Citizen" and said all Americans “have a strong obligation to improve the living conditions of the Indians”

American Indian Movement (begins in 1968) American Indian Movement (begins in 1968) 2 Goals 2 Goals combat police brutality against Native Ams. combat police brutality against Native Ams. get land rights back (explain) get land rights back (explain) Methods used Methods used Marches Marches “Trail of Broken Treaties” on Wash. DC “Trail of Broken Treaties” on Wash. DC Violent incidents Violent incidents Wounded Knee hostage situation Wounded Knee hostage situation Occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Destroyed records Destroyed records Caused $2 million in damages Caused $2 million in damages

The Wounded Knee incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 members of the American Indian Movement seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. The protest followed an unsuccessful attempt by a local tribe to impeach their leader, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protestors attacked the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Indian people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations. AIM activists controlled the town for 71 days while U.S. and local law enforcement agencies cordoned off the area. The activists chose the site of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre for its symbolic value. Both sides were armed and shooting was frequent. 4 people were killed total… 1 govt. official, 2 Native Ams., and 1 Civil Rights activist on site to help. Due to damage to the houses, the small community was not reoccupied until the 1990s. The occupation attracted wide media coverage, especially after the press accompanied two U.S. Senators from South Dakota to Wounded Knee. The events electrified American Indians, who were inspired by the sight of their people standing in defiance of the government which had so often failed them. Many Indian supporters traveled to Wounded Knee to join the protest. At the time there was widespread public sympathy for the goals of the occupation, as Americans were becoming more aware of longstanding issues of injustice related to American Indians.

Native Am. Victories Gained power to control children’s education Gained power to control children’s education Got some land back from Govt. Got some land back from Govt. Got $ from Govt. for some land sold in the past to Got $ from Govt. for some land sold in the past to people for ridiculously cheap prices people for ridiculously cheap prices Loss Loss No $$$ back for wrongful deaths No $$$ back for wrongful deaths of ancestors of ancestors