1 Chapter 1 Notes Problem solving, Life, and the SI (metric) system.

2 Problem Solving All people need and use problem solving skills regardless of occupation. All people need and use problem solving skills regardless of occupation. These skills are used in science using the scientific method. These skills are used in science using the scientific method. This is a 6 step method to solve problems. This is a 6 step method to solve problems.

3 6 Steps for Solving Problems 1. Identify the problem. 1. Identify the problem. 2. Gather information about the problem. 2. Gather information about the problem. 3. Form a hypothesis – a testable prediction. 3. Form a hypothesis – a testable prediction. 4. Experiment to test the hypothesis. 4. Experiment to test the hypothesis. 5. Record and analyze data. 5. Record and analyze data. 6. Form a conclusion. A conclusion is a statement that tells if the hypothesis is correct or incorrect. 6. Form a conclusion. A conclusion is a statement that tells if the hypothesis is correct or incorrect. These 6 steps can be used everyday. These 6 steps can be used everyday.

4 Imaginary Problem Solving Think of a simple imaginary problem. Think of a simple imaginary problem. Write down this problem. Write down this problem. Now write each step for solving problems then describe how that step can be used to solve this problem. Now write each step for solving problems then describe how that step can be used to solve this problem. Example. “Step 4 – Experiment to test the hypothesis. I will go and look on the counter for my keys.” Example. “Step 4 – Experiment to test the hypothesis. I will go and look on the counter for my keys.” Remember the conclusion is a statement. Remember the conclusion is a statement. Repeat this two more times with different imaginary problems. Repeat this two more times with different imaginary problems.

5 Biologists Study: Interactions of life. Interactions of life. Diversity of life. Diversity of life. Interactions of the environment. Interactions of the environment. Problems and propose solutions. Problems and propose solutions.

6 What is a living thing? All living things share 5 characteristics with each other. All living things share 5 characteristics with each other. 1. All living things are organized. They are all made of cells and have some form of orderly structure. 1. All living things are organized. They are all made of cells and have some form of orderly structure. 2. All living things reproduce. They make more living things. When they stop reproducing, they become extinct. 2. All living things reproduce. They make more living things. When they stop reproducing, they become extinct. 3. All living things grow and develop. 3. All living things grow and develop. 4. All living things adjust to their surroundings. They respond to changes in their environment. 4. All living things adjust to their surroundings. They respond to changes in their environment. 5. All living things adapt and evolve. 5. All living things adapt and evolve.

7 Experimental Design An experiment is used to test an hypothesis. An experiment is used to test an hypothesis. A hypothesis is a testable prediction. A hypothesis is a testable prediction. All experiments must have a control. A control is the part of the experiment that is the standard against which results are compared. It is a standard for comparison. All experiments must have a control. A control is the part of the experiment that is the standard against which results are compared. It is a standard for comparison.

8 Experimental Design Independent variable – the condition in an experiment that is tested. This is usually controlled by the experimenter. Independent variable – the condition in an experiment that is tested. This is usually controlled by the experimenter. Dependent variable – the condition that changes as a result of the independent variable. Dependent variable – the condition that changes as a result of the independent variable. Data – information obtained from an investigation. Data – information obtained from an investigation.

9 Theory vs. Law Theory – an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations. Theory – an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations. Scientists also recognize certain natural laws that are generally known to be true. The law of gravity is an example. Scientists also recognize certain natural laws that are generally known to be true. The law of gravity is an example.

10 SI System Scientist use the International System of Measurement. This is also known as the metric system. Scientist use the International System of Measurement. This is also known as the metric system. The SI system is based on units of 10. It allows for easy conversion from small to large units or from large to small. The SI system is based on units of 10. It allows for easy conversion from small to large units or from large to small. Example: It is easy to convert 125 mm to km. Move the decimal 6 places to the left to km. Example: It is easy to convert 125 mm to km. Move the decimal 6 places to the left to km. It uses prefixes to place value on units. It uses prefixes to place value on units.

11 SI Prefixes Micro = 1/100,000 Micro = 1/100,000 milli = 1/1000 milli = 1/1000 Centi = 1/100 Centi = 1/100 Deci = 1/10 Deci = 1/10 Deka = 10 Deka = 10 Hecto = 100 Hecto = 100 Kilo = 1,000 Kilo = 1,000 Mega = 1,000,000 Mega = 1,000,000

12 SI Base Units SI system used different bases for different types of measurement. SI system used different bases for different types of measurement. Unit Measurement symbol Unit Measurement symbol Meter length m Meter length m Kilogrammasskg Kilogrammasskg Secondtimes Secondtimes Ampere electric current A Ampere electric current A KelvintemperatureK KelvintemperatureK Mole amount of substance mol Mole amount of substance mol Candelalight intensitycd Candelalight intensitycd

13 Prefix use The use of the prefixes helps with measurement and decimal control The use of the prefixes helps with measurement and decimal control For example: Measuring the width of a hair could be.5 millimeters instead of meters. For example: Measuring the width of a hair could be.5 millimeters instead of meters. This is much easier than converting inches to miles in the English system. This is much easier than converting inches to miles in the English system.

14 NOTEBOOK RULES You will turn in you notebook every test day. You will turn in you notebook every test day. Each notebook grade is 50 points. Each notebook grade is 50 points. You will divide your notebook into 3 sections You will divide your notebook into 3 sections 1. Class information – this will include your signed syllabus, safety contract, notebook rules, and any other class info. 1. Class information – this will include your signed syllabus, safety contract, notebook rules, and any other class info. 2. Notes and Assignments – all work goes here. You should clean out this section each time your notebook is graded. 2. Notes and Assignments – all work goes here. You should clean out this section each time your notebook is graded. 3 EOI Questions – All EOI packets will be in this section. 3 EOI Questions – All EOI packets will be in this section.