Cold War Conflicts Cold War Conflicts Unit 12 Part I

Who started the Cold War?

Who Started the Cold War? Based on the documents and textbook: –Is early American policy (post WWII) offensive or defensive? –What do the Russians believe the US has planned since the beginning of WWII?

Save Yourselves!! How to Prepare for Atomic War

Duck-and-Cover Questions

Soviet Union vs. U.S. In your notes create a T-Chart (USSR vs. US) with three sub- categories: –Impact of WWII –Postwar concerns –Ideology Summarize each of the next three slides to provide the detail for each of the sub-categories

Soviet Union vs. U.S.

U.S. vs. Soviet Goals U.S. wanted to: –Encourage democracy –Gain access to raw materials and markets –Rebuild European governments as stable allies –Reunite Germany U.S.S.R. wanted to: –Encourage worldwide spread of communism –Transfer equipment and skill from Eastern Europe to USSR to help rebuild –Control Eastern Europe to balance US influence –Keep Germany divided

The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES: « Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] « Arms Race [nuclear escalation] « Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples « Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947] 1.WHY 1.WHY - Civil War in Greece. 2.WHAT 2.WHAT - The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. 3.HOW 3.HOW - The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948] 1.AKA - “European Recovery Program.” 2.WHO - Secretary of State, George Marshall 3.WHAT - The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4.HOW - $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

Post-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift ( )

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) v United States v Belgium v Britain v Canada v Denmark v France v Iceland v Italy v Luxemburg v Netherlands v Norway v Portugal v 1952: Greece & Turkey v 1955: West Germany v 1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)  U. S. S. R.  Albania  Bulgaria  Czechoslovakia  East Germany  Hungary  Poland  Rumania

The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?”  The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in  Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China? – A 2 nd  Power!

Nationalists vs. Communists Nationalists Leader = Chiang Kai-Shek Dependent on US financial aid Weak military Weak economy Fled to Taiwan after Communist takeover Communists Leader = Mao Zedong Dependent on USSR financial aid Theme of national liberation Promise of land reform Experienced guerilla army

The Korean War: A “Police Action” ( ) Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

Korea vs. Korea 1.North Korea invades South Korea 6/ United Nations supports South Korea 3.General MacArthur leads troops to Chinese border 4.Chinese intervene and drive UN troops back to South Korea 5.Stalemate – armistice signed 7/ ,000 US deaths & $22 billion 7.Communism contained, no atomic weapons used but two Koreas remained

Korean War [ ]

THE DOT GAME

Handbook for the Average American

Cold War at Home Fear of Communist Influence –Loyalty Review Board Investigate and dismiss “disloyal” gov’t employees 3.2 million investigated (3200 resigned or fired) –House Committee on Un-American Activities Investigated Hollywood for pro-Soviet films (Hollywood Ten) Blacklist – 500 actors, writers, producers

Cold War at Home Senator Joseph McCarthy –Launches “witch hunt” –Accused State Department, Army, and Democratic Party of being infiltrated by Communists –“McCarthyism” – refers to tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence –1954 condemned by Senate for improper conduct

Cold War at Home Spies –Alger Hiss (State Department) accused of providing documents to Soviets Richard Nixon pursued charges –Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Accused of providing information to help the Soviets develop the atomic bomb Found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death (electrocuted 6/53)

Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

Prepare for the Worst

Bomb Shelters

Atomic Toys

U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.