Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change 22

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asian Transitions I.The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans II.Ming China: A Global Mission Refused III.Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asian Transitions

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans European discoveries –Products not wanted in East –Muslim traders: Indian Ocean, southern Asia Missionary activity blocked by Islam –Asian political divisions advantageous

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading Network, c Arab zone –Glass, carpet, tapestries Indian zone –Cotton textiles Chinese zone –Paper, porcelain, silk goods

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading Network, c Marginal regions –Japan, southeast Asia, east Africa –Raw materials  Ivory, spices

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Routes and Major Products Exchanged in the Asian Trading Network, c. 1500

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut Portuguese use military force –Diu, 1509  Defeat Egyptian-Indian  Forts for defense –Ormuz, 1507 –Goa, 1510 –Malacca Goal: monopolize spice trade, control all shipping

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires 17th century –English and Dutch challenge Portuguese control Dutch –1620, take Malacca –Fort built at Batavia, 1620 –Concentrate on certain spices –Generally use force less  Use traditional system

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires English –India

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia Europeans restricted to coastlines –permission needed to trade inland Sporadic conflict –Portuguese, Dutch use force in Sri Lanka  Cinnamon –Spanish  Philippines Take North

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia India – Francis Xavier Robert Di Nobili –Italian Jesuit –Learned language, native dress, vegetarian –1600s, conversion of upper-caste Indians minimal  Upper castes vs lower castes

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Pattern of Early European Expansion in Asia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China: A Global Mission Refused Ming dynasty ( ) –Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang  Helps expel Mongols  Takes name Hongwu, 1368  Mongols forced north of Great Wall 1420’s Voyages of Zheng He cease  Isolation

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Another Scholar-Gentry Revival Restoration of scholar-gentry –High offices –Imperial schools restored  State subsidized –Civil service exam re-established  Controlled by gov’t  Imperial exams- every three ears.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Reform: Hongwu's Efforts to Root Out Abuses in Court Politics Chief minister –Position abolished –Hongwu takes powers –Punishment to those who abuse powers Imperial wives from modest families –Limited # of eunuchs

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Return to Scholar-Gentry Social Dominance Public works projects, silk anc cotton production Agricultural reforms –To improve peasants' lives  Lowered labor demands  Farming of unnoccupied lands = tax free property  Hand crafted goods –Balanced by encroaching landlord power –Scholar Gentry  Exempt from land tax, special clothing, money lending, etc.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Women subordinated –Elite  Confined  Bearing male children stressed  Read, write, paint, compose poetry –Non-elite  Some degree of independence  Entertainers, courtesans of upper class, literate and accomplished. Subordination of youth

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts American food crops –Marginal lands farmed Chinese manufactured goods in demand –Merchants profit Patronage of fine arts Innovations in literature –Woodblock printing

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts American food crops –Marginal lands farmed Chinese manufactured goods in demand –Early contact with foreigners (Macao and Canton) –Merchants profit  Invest in land, taxes, bribes to scholar gentry Patronage of fine arts Innovations in literature –Woodblock printing –First fully developed Chinese novel

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China and the Zheng He Seven Expeditions, Ended by Yungle

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Westerners in China Jesuits use top down strategy –Father Matteo Ricci, Adam Schall  Learn Chinese, dress as Chinese  Gifts of clocks, etc. Opposed by scholar gentry –Embarrassed at errors in calendars Few remain.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming Decline and the Chinese Predicament Weak leaders –Rampant corruption, isolation Public works –Disrepair –Failures leading to starvation, rebellion Landlords exploitative 1644, dynasty overthrown

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge Nobunaga –Daimyo –Use of firearms –Deposes Ashikaga shogun, 1573  Killed, 1582

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge Toyotomo Hideyoshi –Nobunaga's general –1590, rules Japan –Invades Korea, unsuccessful –Dies, 1598  Succession struggle

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge Tokugawa Ieyasu –Emerges victorious –1603, appointed shogun –Edo (Tokyo)  Direct rule of Honshu  Restoration of unity 250-year rule by Tokugawas

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan During the Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Dealing with the European Challenge Traders, missionaries to Japan since 1543 –Firearms, clock, presses for Japanese silver, copper, finished goods Nobunaga protects Jesuits –to counter Buddhist power –Hideyoshi less tolerant  Buddhists now weak

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation Foreign influence restricted from 1580s Christianity –Persecutions by 1590s –Banned, 1614

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation Ieyasu –Increased isolation  1616, merchants restricted  By 1630, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas  By 1640s Dutch, Chinese visit only at Deshima island Complete isolation from mid-1600s

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation Tokugawa –Neo-Confucian revival  Replaced by National Learning school

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: An Age of Eurasian Protoglobalization Summary of the impact of early globalization –Decline of some indigenous commercial centers –Exchange not as striking or destructive as Columbian Exchange  Some plants introduced –Limited impact of European ideas –Asia impacted only on the periphery