BeforeAfter Eutrophication. Eutrophication – nutrient enrichment of waters Major nutrients -phosphorus and nitrogen Consequences -increased plant growth.

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Presentation transcript:

BeforeAfter Eutrophication

Eutrophication – nutrient enrichment of waters Major nutrients -phosphorus and nitrogen Consequences -increased plant growth -decreased water quality

Eutrophication of lakes, reservoirs and rivers ranks as one of the most widespread environmental problems. Eutrophication can have significant negative ecological, health, social and economic impacts on use of a primary and finite resource, water.

Decreased water quality Algal blooms –Decreased transparency –DOC and chlorination disinfection products –Toxic cyanobacteria and dinoflagellate Growth of aquatic plants Anoxia

Effects of Eutrophication Source: Issues in Ecology #2 (1998)

Laguna de Bay, Philippines

US East Coast Source: Issues in Ecology #2 (1998)

Fish Kills and Anoxia in the Chesapeake

Decreased water quality Elevated nitrate concentrations Species changes Increased incidence of water-related diseases

Positive features of eutrophication - increased fish yield - increased plant production and nutrient reuse

Indicators of eutrophication Secchi disk transparency Chlorophyll concentration Phosphorus concentrations Nitrogen concentrations

Chemical Forms – P PO 4 3- (Phosphate) Organic

The cycling of Phosphorus Dissolved InorganicParticulate Organic uptake excretion Runoff upwellingsinking decomposition Balance maintained via weathering of rock

Chemical Transformations – P Assimilation PO 4 3- → Organic Phytoplankton or other autotrophs Remineralization Organic → PO 4 3- Heterotrophs Excretion Organic → Dissolved Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Experimental Lakes Area Lake 227

Lake 226 C, N, P Eutrophic algal blooms C, N

Lake 227

Effects of Eutrophication Source: Issues in Ecology #2 (1998)

Classification of Lakes Source: Principles Env. Sci. & Eng. (Davis & Masten)

Probable, not certain… Eutrophic Source: Principles Env. Sci. & Eng. (Davis & Masten)

Total P vs. Chlorophyll a Source: Principles Env. Sci. & Eng. (Davis & Masten)

Meybeck, 1982

N fixation N 2  reactive N –(e.g. NH 3, NH 4 + ) Mostly biological free- living bacteria (asymbiotic) symbiotic

Synthetic fertilizer production is considered N fixation takes N 2, reacts it with natural gas, producing NH 3 and CO 2

Agriculture…

(Townsend et al. Frontiers Ecol. Environ. 2003)

(Tilman et al. Nature, 2002)

Percent Increase in Nitrogen Fluxes in Rivers Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone Source: NOAA

US East Coast Source: Issues in Ecology #2 (1998)

Fish Kills and Anoxia in the Chesapeake

(Townsend et al. Frontiers Ecol. Environ. 2003)

Source: Principles Env. Sci. & Eng. (Davis & Masten)

Is N or P limiting? – Assessment Concentration ratios Experimental enrichments Supply and recycling ratios Physiological assays

Algal bioassays – addition of known quantities of nutrients to algal suspensions and measurement of physiological or ecological responses

Watershed factors which moderate degree of eutrophication – * climate * hydrology * biogeochemistry * land use

Climatic Variability … rainfall in Goleta Non-El Niño El Niño

Hydrologic Response… Arroyo Burro Creek, WY 2001

SBC-LTER Study Region… Santa Clara River, 4200 km 2 Santa Barbara Channel (50) Watersheds ranging from km 2 Ventura River, 590 km 2 Los Angeles, CA Multi-source Land Cover Data (2002 v1) California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

Parcel Scale… Residential Site Parcel Scale… Residential Site

Parcel Scale… Greenhouse Site Parcel Scale… Greenhouse Site

Analysis of Cause and Effect Low Nutrient Supply Low N & P conc. in lake Low algae productivity Low chlorophyll a Lake more transparent Greater Secchi disc depth High Nutrient Supply High N & P conc. in lake High algae productivity High chlorophyll a Lake less transparent Smaller Secchi disc depth Gradient of Conditions Toxic inflow High Sediment High Flowrate

Within-lake factors which moderate degree of eutrophication * food web structure * sediment regeneration * basin morphology * hydrodynamics

Technically effective control of eutrophication is possible but not always economically feasible

Solutions… Source Reduction –Eliminate excess fertilization –Wastewater treatment plants In Lake Control: –Mechanical harvesting of aquatic plants –Chemical control (algaecides) –Biological control (increase grazing) –Flow augmentation –Deep water aeration –Selective removal of deep water –Sediment removal

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