The Ottoman Empire  Rise of the Ottomans:  First Ottomans were Turkish soldiers known as a ghazis, a warriors for Islam  Moved to the region Anatolia (Asian minor ) to escape the Mongols  1200s leader named Osman/ tribe members became known as the Ottomans  1300s took over Anatolia, captured Adrianopolis the second most important city to the Byzantine Empire.  1396 the first Ottoman sultan had been appointed.

The Ottoman Empire  Ottoman Army:  The Sultans created a troop of slave soldiers called Janissaries.  They were young captives and Christian slaves from Europe.  First schooled in Islamic laws and converted to Islam  They belonged to the Sultan, serving him for life  Janissaries gained power and influence over time. Became important political group in the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire  Timur Challenges the Ottomans:  Timur was a Mongol leader, interrupted the Ottoman expansion.  Was born in 1336 in what today is Uzbekistan, said he descend from the great Mongol leader Genghis Khan.  1402 he invaded Anatolia, his forces defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara and captured the sultan.  Timur made the Ottomans return the territory they had taken from the other ghazi rulers.

The Ottoman Empire  Recovery and expansion:  Timur vicotry caused a civil war to break out in the Ottoman Empire. Who should be the next sultan  Murad II took power and began a new period of expansion, 1444 defeated the last European crusaders at the Battle of Varna.  Mehmed II became sultan, he conquered Constantinople in 1453 renamed the city of Istanbul and made it the capital.

The Ottoman Empire  The greatest sultan was Suleyman: rulled from / Ottoman Empire was at its height  Known as the Magnificent in Europe.  Was also called the Lawgiver by his own people.  Expanded the Empire, conquering Hungary in Ruled most of eastern Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.

The Ottoman Empire  Government and Society  Sultans supreme rulers \  Second was the grand viziers  Ottoman society divided up into two major groups: small ruling class of Ottomans, other included the masses of ordinary subjects ( REAYA)  Reaya- or the protected flock. People did not have to remain in one of these groups for life.  They could become part of the ruling class, Ottomans who lacked ability became reaya

The Ottoman Empire  The millet system:  Muslim Turks lived in the heart of the empire in Anatolia  Christians and Jews of various ethnic groups lived in the Balkans,  Muslim Arabs lived in the Fertile Crescent and along the shore of northern Africa.  Sultan allowed the different groups to practice their own religion  They were organized into separate religious communities called millets. Under the control of the sultan

The Ottoman Empire  Millets  They governed themselves  Operated under its own laws and customs  Had its own courts and collected taxes  Was responsible for the education, health and safety of its members.

The Ottoman Empire  Decline:  1566 Suleyman died decline began  Ottoman army and navy were strong but suffered some defeats.  Philip II of Spain led a European navy against the Ottomans. Defeated the Turks at the battle of Lepanto.  1600s government and economy faced problems, lost control of its silk and spice trades between Europe and Asia, government became corrupt due to internal power struggles, Janissaries led rebellions  Also lost land, Crimean Peninsula to Russia and the French invaded Egypt, Lost land in the Balkans  Finally ending in 1923 Turkey established itself as a republic.

The Safavid Empire  Rise of the Safavids  Empire was between the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire in India.  Present day Iran  Safavids: decedents from Safi-od-Din head of the family in 1200s  Muslims, belonged to the Sunni branch of Islam.  1399 shifted from Sunni to the Shi’ah sect.  1400s developed a military group called the Kizilbash- meaning Red Heads, for the red hats they wore.

The Safavid Empire  Rise of the Safavids  Many Persians killed or imprisoned many Safavids.  Esmai’il escaped into hiding. Became the head of the Kizilbash  Brought all of modern day Iran and part of present- day Iraq under his rule.  He took the ancient Persian title of shah or “king of kings.”

The Safavid Empire  Esma’il proclaimed that the Shi’ah would be the religion of the Safavid Empire.  Most Persians were Sunni, forced them to convert.  Many people thought he was a Muslim saint and converted.  Persian language and history also contributed to a strong sense of identity.

The Safavid Empire  Ottomans invaded northwestern Persia.  Defeated the Safavids at the Battle of Caldiran.  Esma’il died son took over.  Tahmasp son of Esma’il, lost territory to both the Ottomans and the Uzbeks by 1570.

The Safavid Empire  Tahmasp died in 1576, the kizilbash were no longer loyal to the shah.  1587 Abbas called, “ the Great, became shah”  Under him he reformed the military, using Ottoman army as a model.  Created troops of foreign slaves who had been prisoners of war, after they converted to Islam.  Slave-soldiers belonged to the shah and were loyal to him defeated the Uzbeks and gained control of northeastern Persia.

The Safavid Empire  Height of the Empire:  1599 Abbas moved the Safavid capital to Esfahan on the Plateau of Iran.  Wide streets, and huge central square.  Under Abbas reign the economy of the region grew, there was manufacturing and foreign trade.  Carpet weaving became major industry.  Persian rugs began to appear in the homes of wealthy Europeans.  Abbas died in 1629, Safavids continued his rule, 1736 Persia split into a number of small states.

The Mughal Empire in India  Origin of the Mughal Empire:  Turkish Muslims controlled India, Delhi was the capital  Indian warrior princes called Rajputs began to challenge the sultans  Came from a young leader named Babur was a descendant of the Mongol leader Timur.

The Mughal Empire in India  Growth of Mughal Power:  Baburs grandson Akbar was the greatest Mughal emperor  He married a Rajput princess and gave other Rajputs government positions.  He improved the tax system that helped him control his empire.  Based on average of what a village might produce over a 10 year period.  Supported the arts, and architecture.

The Mughal Empire in India  Religious policy  He established a creed called the Divine Faith, Allah Akbar, meaning God is great, or Akbar is God  Blended elements of Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity and other religions.

The Mughal Empire in India  Height of the Mughal Empire:  Shah Jahan was the ruler during the height of the Empire.  Reached Northern and Southern India.  He is best known for two famous buildings,  Taj mahal – build for his wife Mumtaz Mahal