Week 3 – Part 2 Phonology The following PowerPoint is to be used as a guideline for the important vocabulary and terminology to know as you do your readings, answering questions, and forming your thoughts and comments for your discussion with fellow classmates.

 The Pronunciation of Plurals  Allomorphs ◦ An alternative phonetic form of a morpheme (plural morphemes: cats, dogs, kisses)  Homorganic nasal rule ◦ place of articulation of the nasal is the same as for the following consonant.

Distinctive Phonetic Features—Voiced, Nasal, Labial, and Continuant Nondistinctive Phonetic Features—Aspiration, which is predictable from phonetic context Minimal Pair—when two distinct words are distinguished by a single phone occurring in the same position.

pbm Stop+++ Labial+++ Voiced-++ Nasal--+ bmdng ŋ Stop Voiced Labial Alveolar Velar Nasal-+-+-+

1. Nasalize vowels before p, I, or z as to have a rule such as 2. Nasalize vowels before m, n, or ŋ

FeaturesObstruentsNasalsLiquidsGlidesVowels Consonantal+++-- Sonorant-++++ Syllabic-+/- -+ Nasal-+--+/-

Featuresi ɪ e ɛ æu ʊ o ɔ a ʌ High * Mid Low Back Central Round Tense

 See handout of Sound Segments and Features

 Assimilation Rules ◦ Dissimilation rules—the means by which a segment becomes less similar to another segment.  Feature Changing Rules  Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules ◦ Epenthesis—the process of inserting a consonant or vowel.  Movement (Metathesis) Rules ◦ Metathesis rules—rules that reorder sequences of phonemes.  From One to Many and from Many to One  The Function of Phonological Rules ◦ Derivation—applying a rule that applies to one phoneme to another phoneme.  Slips of the Tong: Evidence for the Phonological Rules

 Prosodic or Suprasegmental Features—pitch, stress, and segment length.  Syllable Structure  Word Stress  Sentence and Phrase Stress  Tone Languages—languages in which syllables or words are contrasted by pitch.  Intonation ◦ Intonation languages—use pitch variations to distinguish meanings of phrases and sentences

Prosodic or Suprasegmental Features—pitch, stress, and segment length. Tone Languages—languages in which syllables or words are contrasted by pitch..

Morphophonemic rules—apply to specific morphemes. Phonotactics—sequential constraints that determine which sounds may be adjacent within the syllable. Accidental gaps—possible but nonoccurring words otherwise known as nonsense words. Optimality Theory—hypothesizes a set of ranked constraints that govern the phonological rules.

Fromkin, Victoria, et al. An Introduction to Language. 9 th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, Davenport, Mike & Hannahs, S.J. Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. 3 rd ed. London UK. Hodder Education.