Bio-technology

 Proving bread with leaven prehistoric  Alcoholic drinks from fermented juices prehistoric  Vinegar from fermented juices prehistoric  Beer making in Egypt 3 rd century BC  Vinegar manufacturing 14 th century  Discovery of fermentation of yeast by Erxleben 1818  Lactic acid fermentation by Pasteur 1857  Detection of fermentation enzymes in yeast 1897  Discovery of penicillin by Fleming 1928  Discovery of many other antibiotics from 1945  Funds for human Genome Project approved by US Congress 1988  Dolly the sheep cloned by Scottish scientists 1997  Human genome sequence draft produced 2000 History of Biotechnology Biotechnology is a new term used to define old practices

Why Biotechnology Important? a) Examples of biotechnology within your surroundings? Any food consumed based on biotechnology? b) Can improvements be made? c) How to do it? d) Why do we need to do it?

Biotechnology: Definitions? ● Integrated use of microbiology, biochemistry, & engineering in order to achieve applications of microorganisms, animal or plant cells in industry, agriculture, health care, and environmental processes. ● Using living organisms, or the products of living organisms for human benefit or to benefit human surroundings. ● manipulation of biological processes and / or organisms for the benefit of mankind

Biotechnology Making Nature work for You Organisms involved: ● microorganisms ● animal or plant cells ● Using living organisms, or the products of living organisms ● biological processes and/or organisms

Goals of Biotechnology: ● to achieve applications in industry, agriculture, health care, and environmental processes. ● for human benefit ● to benefit human surroundings.

Tools of Biotechnology : ● Integrated use of microbiology, biochemistry, and engineering etc ● Any tools can be used as long as it can upgrade productions ● The need to use technology such as chemical engineering processes etc.

Traditional biotech: follows nature’s way and work on whole organism New biotech: manipulate nature’s work by the use of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA to produce organisms capable of making useful products. New biotechnology is expected to expand tremendously in future. It improves: quality quantity health

So what is the difference between old and new biotechnology? Techniques used then were: isolation of organism of interest improvement of fermentation conditions process usually requires lengthy time and using trial and error process

The processes nowadays are: isolation of gene coding for a protein of interest cloning of this gene into an appropriate production host, known as recombinant DNA Can be mass produced much faster than the classical fermentation.

1) Industrial Biotech: production of chemicals (solvents), enzymes, food additives, pharmaceuticals, biopolymers (Production of primary & secondary metabolites) 2) Environmental Biotech: Sewage, industrial wastewater treatment, metal recovery, bioremediation. 2) Animal Biotechnology: Livestock with enhanced genetic attributes 3) Plant Biotech- Improve crop yield, disease 4) Medical Biotechnology More accurate disease diagnosis and treatment 6) Forensic Biotechnology 7) Marine Biotechnology Areas of Biotechnology

Biotechnology is multidisciplinary in nature.

Other applications of biotechnology  A. Cloning of whole organisms 1. Amphibians, mice, sheep, cows, monkeys, humans(?)1. Amphibians, mice, sheep, cows, monkeys, humans(?)

Potential Social Concerns and Consequences of Biotechnology Organisms harmful to other organisms or environment Organisms reduce natural genetic diversity Genetic engineering of humans? Genetic privacy issues Limited availability to poorer nations Undermine traditional agricultural practices Quest for profit undermines free exchange of knowledge

 Summary: Goals of biotechnology 1. To understand more about the processes of inheritance and gene expression1. To understand more about the processes of inheritance and gene expression 2. To provide better understanding and treatment of various diseases, particularly genetic disorders2. To provide better understanding and treatment of various diseases, particularly genetic disorders 3. To generate economic benefits, including improved plants and animals for agriculture and efficient production of valuable biological molecules3. To generate economic benefits, including improved plants and animals for agriculture and efficient production of valuable biological molecules

Now you should be able to: Define biotechnology and understand the many scientific disciplines that contribute to biotechnology. How can a chemist contribute to biotechnology sector? Provide examples of historic and current applications of biotechnology Describe different types of biotechnology and their applications