Taxonomy

Taxonomy  Taxonomy from Greek verb tassein = "to classify" and nomos = law, science Taxonomy is the science of classifying (finding, describing and naming) living things

Binomial Nomenclature Scientists use Greek and Latin because:  It is a dead language, so it is no longer evolving

Binomial Nomenclature When Scientists refer to organisms, they use Genus species names instead of common names.  Organisms may have more than one common name

Dog Spanish - perro French – chien German – Hund Italian – cane Russian - собака Canis lupis

Mermaid’s Wineglass Mermaid’s Teacup

Binomial Nomenclature Scientists use Genus species names because:  Organisms may have more than one common name  The same common name can refer to more than one organism

Sea Robin

Seven Levels of Taxonomy  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species These are the two names that scientists use when they call the organism by its scientific name. }

First taxonomic system:  Two kingdoms –  Plants – photosynthetic  Animals – ate the plants What about mushrooms, which do neither? Microscope was invented – what about euglena, which does both?

Kingdom Monera  Single Cell  Simple Cell Structure - prokaryotic  No membrane-bound organelles  No membrane-bound nucleus  Can be photosynthetic or chemosynthetic  Bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)

Photosynthesis H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 O + CO 2 O 2 + Sugar sunlight  nutrients

Bacilli Cocci

Blue-green algae Cyanobacteria

Kingdom Protista  This is a catch-all kingdom. Anything that doesn’t fit neatly into another kingdom goes here.  Complex Cell Structure - eukaryotic  Membrane-bound organelles  membrane-bound nucleus  Can be unicellular or multicellular  Often have both plant and animal characteristics Protozoans – ie. amoeba, paramecium, euglena diatom, dinoflagellate, Non-vascular Plants – Algae

Blades - photosynthetic Stipe – holds blades up in the water column Holdfast – anchors algae

Photosynthesis H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 O + CO 2 O 2 + Sugar sunlight  nutrients

Respiration H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 O + CO 2 O 2 + Sugar  Photosynthesis

Respiration H 2 O + CO 2 + ATP H 2 O + CO 2 + ATP O 2 + Sugar  ATP is cellular energy. It is used by organisms to carry out life processes.

Paramecium

Euglena

Dinoflagellates 2 unequal flagella Cellulose cell wall Approx 1200 marine species Dominant in warm water environments Almost exclusively marine - Responsible for red tides - Can be bioluminescent

Diatoms SiO 2 cell walls Approx 12,000 marine species Mostly planktonic Dominant type of plankton in cold water environment

Algae

Green Algae Chlorophyta Green Pigment - chlorophyll 6,000 to 7,000 species 10% Marine

Brown Algae Phaeophyta Pigment – fucoxanthin (yellow) and chlorophyll Almost exclusively marine Approx 1500 species Kelp – up to 330 feet tall

Red Algae Rhodophyta Red pigment – phycoblins mask chlorophyll Approximately 4000 species Almost exclusively marine

Kingdom Fungi  Complex Cell Structure  Most Multicellular  Absorb Food  Reproduce Using Spores Mushroom, mold, yeast Lichens – symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus

Mushrooms

Mold on Mushrooms

Yeast

Lichens Common in nearshore areas

Kingdom Plantae  Complex Cell Structure  Multicellular  Photosynthetic  Vascular Plants (have transport system)  Leaves, stem, roots  Grass, trees, flowers  250,000 species  Seagrasses are the only truly marine plant

Seagrass

Turtle Grass Manatee Grass Shoal Grass Not a true grass. Relative of the lily. Pollen and seeds disperse via water. OBLIGATE HALOPHYTE

Trees

Mangroves Black Mangrove Red Mangrove

White Mangroves Mangroves Land Plants that can tolerate salt About 80 species Only the roots are covered by salt water

Kingdom Animalia  Multicellular  Complex Cell Structure  Ingests Food  Sponges, jellyfish, sea stars, insects, fish, lions, tigers, bears

Five Kingdoms  Monera  Protista  Fungi  Plantae  Animalia