Chapter 15.4 Classification and Taxonomy

What is Taxonomy? The identification, naming, and classification of species Many common names can be too confusing and make it difficult to organize into something that makes sense: Catfish, silverfish, and crayfish Each name is similar but each are very different organisms Biologists must be able to communicate with one another about the species they study, no matter what language they speak. Goal: of taxonomy is to assign a universal scientific name to each known species

The Linnaean System of Classification -Created by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) -Two main characteristics of this system oTwo part Latin name for each species oAn ordering of species into broader and broader groups. Naming system - Binomial system (two parts) 1.genus to which the species belongs 2.second part refers to one species within the genus Examples: Panthera pardus = Leopard Panthera leo = Lion

Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their species A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring *

The Seven Level System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Phillip Called Oprah For Good Spices

**Important to know that science is able to revise its views over time** Organisms are grouped by examining how an organism gets its energy, studying cells, comparing DNA and Structural Anatomy

Humans = Homo sapiens Humans would be classified as the following: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Humans = Homo sapiens

Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles 3 Domain System: Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria Eukarya: eukaryotes Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia *

Eukaryotic- Have a nucleus Unicellular Kingdom Fungi: All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens Kingdom Plantae: Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic Includes: Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Kingdom Protists: Eukaryotic- Have a nucleus Unicellular Animal-Like Protists (protozoans) Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic) Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae Fungus-Like Protists Examples: Water molds, slime molds All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide Common Phyla: Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants) *

Kingdom Animalia All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms

Why use a dead language? Ursus americanus American Black Bear Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system” First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase Entire name is underlined and italicized Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system” First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase Entire name is underlined and italicized Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized Why use a dead language? *

Devil Cat

Ghost Cat

Mountain Lion

Screaming Cat

Puma

Florida Panther

Cougar

There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides. Common names vary according to region. Soooo……why use a scientific name?

THE CLASSIFICATION OF FOUR ORGANISMS Organism Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dog Animal Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis familiaris Wolf Animal Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis lupus Orangutan Animal Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Pongo pygmaeus Chimpanzee Animal Chordata Mammalia Primates Pongidae Pan troglodytes 1. What three classification groups are shared by all four organisms? __________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which organism is more similar to a chimpanzee—an orangutan or a dog? Explain. _____________ 3. Which organism is more similar to a wolf—a dog or a chimpanzee? Explain. __________________