Review What is the current world population? What is the current world population? Why is Physiological density a better way of calculating population statistics than ‘regular’ arithmetic density? Why is Physiological density a better way of calculating population statistics than ‘regular’ arithmetic density? Why does Canada have a low agricultural density? Why does Canada have a low agricultural density? List the 10 largest countries (in terms of population) List the 10 largest countries (in terms of population)

Review Country X has a NIR of 2.8%. What conclusions can we draw from this? Country X has a NIR of 2.8%. What conclusions can we draw from this? Country X has a BR of 8/1000. What conclusions can we draw from this information? Country X has a BR of 8/1000. What conclusions can we draw from this information? Country X has a BR of 5/1000 and a DR of 25/1000. What country could this be & why? Country X has a BR of 5/1000 and a DR of 25/1000. What country could this be & why?

Review Life Expectancy is largely influenced by what other rate? Life Expectancy is largely influenced by what other rate? What Asian country is concerned about a declining population? What Asian country is concerned about a declining population? What’s the difference between TFR and BR? What’s the difference between TFR and BR? What do you think China’s NIR looks like today? Provide a %. What do you think China’s NIR looks like today? Provide a %.

Population Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?

What is the Demographic Transition? **Important model to understand**  The shift from high to low mortality and fertility through 4 distinct stages.  Began by Warren Thompson in 1929; further developed in 1945 by Frank Notestein  A sign of socio-economic progress?

Stage 1: Low Growth Most of human history spent here Most of human history spent here Marked by human suffering Marked by human suffering  BR,  DR (pop.  very, very slowly)  BR,  DR (pop.  very, very slowly) Typical of Britain in the 18th century and the LEDC's today. Typical of Britain in the 18th century and the LEDC's today.

REASONS Birth Rate is high as a result of: Lack of birth control High Infant Mortality Rate: putting babies in the 'bank' Need for workers in agriculture Religious beliefs Children as economic assets Death Rate is high because of: High levels of disease Famine Lack of clean water and sanitation Lack of health care War Competition for food from predators such as rats Lack of education

Stage 2: High Growth DR Fell dramatically; BR fell much slower resulting in a pop. explosion DR Fell dramatically; BR fell much slower resulting in a pop. explosion Europe & NA 1800, most of world 1950s Europe & NA 1800, most of world 1950s Typical of Britain in 19th century; Bangladesh & Nigeria (today) Typical of Britain in 19th century; Bangladesh & Nigeria (today)

REASONS Death Rate is falling as a result of: Death Rate is falling as a result of: Improved health care (e.g. Smallpox Vaccine) Improved health care (e.g. Smallpox Vaccine) Improved Hygiene (Water for drinking boiled) Improved Hygiene (Water for drinking boiled) Improved sanitation Improved sanitation Improved food production and storage Improved food production and storage Improved transport for food Improved transport for food Decreased Infant Mortality Rates Decreased Infant Mortality Rates

Cape Verde: Stage 2 (as of 1950)

Stage 3: Moderate Growth Continuing (but slower)  in DRs & significant  in BRs = slow growing pop. Continuing (but slower)  in DRs & significant  in BRs = slow growing pop. Europe & NA entered stage 3 in 1 st half of 1900s, countries in L.A & Asia moved here in recent yrs Europe & NA entered stage 3 in 1 st half of 1900s, countries in L.A & Asia moved here in recent yrs Typical of Britain in late 19th and early 20th century; China; Brazil (today) Typical of Britain in late 19th and early 20th century; China; Brazil (today) Much of Africa remains in Stage 2 Much of Africa remains in Stage 2

REASONS Birth Control available Birth Control available Lower Infant Mortality Rate Lower Infant Mortality Rate Increased mechanization reduces need for workers Increased mechanization reduces need for workers Increased standard of living Increased standard of living Changing status of women Changing status of women Urbanization Urbanization

Chile: Stage 3 (as of 1960s)

Stage 4: Low Growth (Stationary) Exceptionally low TFRs, low DRs Exceptionally low TFRs, low DRs Low to no pop. Growth (ZPG) Low to no pop. Growth (ZPG) BRs are lowest in countries where women are most educated & involved in the labour force BRs are lowest in countries where women are most educated & involved in the labour force Typical of USA; Sweden; Japan; Britain Typical of USA; Sweden; Japan; Britain 5 th stage? …..Declining population 5 th stage? …..Declining population

Denmark: Stage 4 (as of 1970s)

Countries that grew as a consequence of emigration from Europe (USA, Canada, Australia) did not pass through the early stages of the model. Countries that grew as a consequence of emigration from Europe (USA, Canada, Australia) did not pass through the early stages of the model.

Population Pyramids Shows us the composition of a population in terms of age & sex Shows us the composition of a population in terms of age & sex Series of horizontal bar graphs (normally 5 year groupings) Series of horizontal bar graphs (normally 5 year groupings) Males on left, females on right Males on left, females on right Can instantly convey the demographic situation in a country Can instantly convey the demographic situation in a country

Dependency Ratio The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years. The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years. People who are 0-14 and 65-plus normally are classified as dependents. People who are 0-14 and 65-plus normally are classified as dependents. Larger dependency ratios imply greater financial burden on the working class. Larger dependency ratios imply greater financial burden on the working class. 85 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, while 47 percent in Europe. 85 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, while 47 percent in Europe.

Sex Ratio The number of males per hundred females in the population is the sex ratio. In Europe and North America the ratio of men to women is about 95:100 The number of males per hundred females in the population is the sex ratio. In Europe and North America the ratio of men to women is about 95:100 In poorer countries the high mortality rate during childbirth partly explains the lower percentage of women. In poorer countries the high mortality rate during childbirth partly explains the lower percentage of women. Worldwide Gender Imbalance Worldwide Gender Imbalance Worldwide Gender Imbalance Worldwide Gender Imbalance

There are three key types of population pyramids: 1. Rapid Growth: This pyramid of the Philippines shows a triangle-shaped pyramid and reflects a high growth rate of about 2.1 percent annually.

2. Slow Growth: In the United States, the population is growing at a rate of about 1.7 percent annually. This growth rate is reflected in the more square-like structure of the pyramid. Note the lump in the pyramid between the ages of about 35 to 50. This large segment of the population is the post-World War II "baby boom." As this population ages and climbs up the pyramid, there will be a much greater demand for medical and other geriatric services.

3. Negative Growth: Germany is experiencing a period of negative growth (-0.1%). As negative growth in a country continues, the population is reduced. A population can shrink due to a low birth rate and a stable death rate. Increased emigration may also be a contributor to a declining population.