Chapter 10 Transportation Services

Introduction Transportation  Transport is the key element in the tourism industry  Transportation lies at the heart of the tourist industry  The link between home and destination  There is a direct relationship between advances in transportation and growth in the tourism industry  The role of automobile and jet airplane  In the case of air destinations the availability of air access is the sine qua non.

Historical Development of Passenger Travel  Early Modes of Travel  By land (3500 BC Wheels on carts)  By sea (3500 BC River boats)  Railroads and Ocean Liners  Steam engine technology (1787)  Railway expansion ( )  Ocean liners (trans-Atlantic Voyage)

Historical Development of Passenger Travel  Automobile and Airlines  Auto replaces trains (1885 and 1908)  Plane replaces liners (1903)  Development of passenger planes

AutomobileAutomobile Mass production of automobile pioneered by Ford Motors With mass production automobile become affordable Most popular mode of travel in the world In the U.S. 80% of person-trips are made by auto. Rental car industry growing in importance. * Grosses approximately $20 billion per year.

Airline Industry First flight: Orville and Wilbur Wright’s at Kitty Hawk (1903) Passenger Service 1910 First schedule airplane passenger began in the U.S. Introduction of Jet aircraft 1958 Jumbo Jet was introduced in 1970 Concorde began service in 1976

Airline Industry Air transport is the main mode of International tourism The global airline industry consists of over 2,000 airlines operating more than 23,000 aircrafts Providing service to over 3,700 airports In 2006, the world’s airlines flew almost 28 million scheduled flight departures and carried over 2 billion passengers. The growth of world air travel has averaged approximately 5% per year over the past 30 years

Air Travel Airport Taxes and Fees  A variety of taxes and fees are to be paid to airports.  U.S. Domestic Transportation Tax (7.5%)  Federal Flight Segment Tax ($3.00)  U.S. International Departure Tax ($15.10)  U.S. International Arrival Tax ($15.10)  Passenger Facility Charges ($ )  Federal Security Segment Tax ($5.00)  September 11th Security Fee up to $10  U.S. Custom fee ($5.00)  Immigration fee ($7.00)  Health Inspection Service ($3.10)  These charges increases the total cost of airline operations and can have a significant impact on the price of the ticket.

Air Travel Airports  Operations  Control of air traffic at in and in the vicinity of the airport  Automobile rental operation  Baggage processing  Cargo and mail  Custom and immigration operations  Restaurant and retail operations

2006 (000) thousands Airports Number of Passengers 1ATLANTA (ATL)84,846 2CHICAGO (ORD)77,028 3LONDON (LHR)67,530 4TOKYO (HND)65,810 5LOS ANGELOS (LAX)61,041 6DALLAS (DFW)60,226 7PARIS (CDG)56,849 8FRANKFURT (FRA)52,810 9BEIJING (PEK)48,655 10DENVER (DEN)47,325 11LAS VEGAS (LAS)46,193 12AMSTERDAM (AMS)46,065 13MADRID (MAD)45,501 14HONG KONG (HKG)43,858 15NEW YORK JFK43,762 Airport Capacity Top 15 Airports - Number of Passenger Served Airport Capacity Top 15 Airports - Number of Passenger Served

Biggest Airports of the World (Area Square Mile) Biggest Airports of the World (Area Square Mile) 1.King Khalid Int’l Airport 81 square mile 2.Denver International Airport 53 square mile 3.Dallas Ft. Worth 30 square mile * The area of Denver International airport is bigger than Boston or Buffalo.

Air Travel  Airline Passenger Services  Scheduled services (general public)  Charter services (privately contracted) Safety and Security  Importance of regulations  Security concerns  Cost of accidents

Airline Companies Passengers (000) 1American Airlines88,241 2Delta Airlines84,245 3Southwest Airlines74,787 4United Airlines66,100 5Japan Airlines58,241 6Northwest Airlines51,975 7Deutsche Lufthansa45,400 8Air France43,700 9All Nippon Airways42,251 10U.S. Airways41,263 Biggest Airline Companies (2003)

Rail Industry Railways were the first form of mass transportation Passenger service began in the early 1800’s with railroad cars Around 1830, the Baltimore & Ohio company began using a car that held about 60 passengers The Pullman sleeping cars was patented in 1864 Reached its peak volume in the U.S. in By the 1930’s rail travel had become faster and more comfortable Amtrak was founded in 1971 Passenger rail service is much more important outside of North America. Efficient, economical, high speed trains provide an alternative to air travel.

International Rail Service Rail Service still very important in Europe and Asia – High-Speed Trains in Japan, France, Germany, Spain, China, South Korea, and Taiwan – High-speed trains carry passengers between large population centers France TGV 357 mile; Japan 361 mileFrance TGV 357 mile; Japan 361 mile –Often train travel is faster and cheaper than air travel – Importance of Eurailpass to non-European international travelers –Channel Tunnel allows travelers to travel between Europe and U.K. (opened in 1994) mile

Highways and Byways Development of national highway systems increased auto travel Automobiles –84% of all overnight weekend travel by U.S. residents is by auto –Cost, convenience, flexibility and ability to explore –U.S. and Canada have funded highways instead of rail track –Growth in rental car market –Better Vehicles

Automobile Rental Rent A Car Services Started by Joe Saunders in 1906, in Omaha His first customer was a traveling salesman who had a date with a local girl. By 1925 Saunders had car rental operations in 21 states After the World War II, the car rental industry grew rapidly, carried along by the expanding economy. Major car rental companies Enterprise (27%) Avis Hertz (20%) Budget Alamo/National (16%) –.–.

Other Ground Transportation Buses Intercity bus passengers tend to be lower income non- business travelers who are very price sensitive Scheduled intercity travel and charter/group travel New designs have increased comfort, services available and capacity Flexibility Bus Tours Economical and comfortable

Other Ground Transportation  Recreational Vehicles -Transport and accommodation combined -RV campgrounds provide hook-ups for water, electricity, and sewage.

Water Travel Cruise Ships  A passenger ship used for pleasure voyages  Floating Resorts  The voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience.  Transportation and destination in one  Become a major part of the tourism industry  Fly-cruise packages

Cruise ship Destinations Major Cruise Ships Destinations The Caribbean (50%) The Mexican Riviera (5%) Alaska (8%) S. Europe and Mediterranean (15%) N. Europe and Scandinavia (4%) Panama Canal (6%) South Pacific (2.2%) Popular Departure Locations: Miami New York Port Canaveral Ft. Lauderdale Baltimore New Orleans

Cruise Industry Fastest growing segment of the travel industry. Since 1980 the industry growth rate is 8.1 % In 2004; 230 cruise ships carried almost 10.6 million tourists More than 90% American tourists 11.4 % increase over 2003 Utilization is consistently over 90% Expanding fleets; 20 New ships will be added in 2008 Adding new ports of call. Served by the Cruise Lines International Association.

ShipLineTonnageLengthBeamPax (DBL/MAX) 1. Allure of the Seas (2010)Allure of the Seas Royal Caribbean225,282 gt.1, ft.208 ft.5,400/6, Oasis of the Seas (2009)Oasis of the Seas Royal Caribbean225,282 gt.1,181 ft.208 ft.5,400/6, Anthem of the Seas (2015)Anthem of the Seas Royal Caribbean168,666 gt.1,139 ft.162 ft.4,180/4, Quantum of the Seas (2014)Quantum of the Seas Royal Caribbean167,800 gt.1,139 ft.162 ft.4,180/4, Norwegian Epic (2010)Norwegian Epic Norwegian155,873 gt.1,081 ft.133 ft.4,100/5, Freedom of the Seas (2006)Freedom of the Seas Royal Caribbean154,407 gt.1,112 ft.184 ft.3,634/4,375 Liberty of the SeasLiberty of the Seas (2007) Royal Caribbean154,407 gt.1,112 ft.184 ft.3,634/4,375 Independence of the SeasIndependence of the Seas (2008) Royal Caribbean154,407 gt.1,112 ft.184 ft.3,634/4, Queen Mary 2 (2004)Queen Mary 2 Cunard Line148,528 gt.1,130 ft.148 ft.2,592/3, Norwegian Breakaway (2013)Norwegian Breakaway NCL146,600 gt.1,062 ft.130 ft.4,028/N/A Norwegian GetawayNorwegian Getaway (2014) NCL146,600 gt.1,062 ft.130 ft.4,028/N/A

Soaring Through the Skies Air travel is a 20 th century mode of travel: jet travel only in second half of century Cooperative organizations make the industry more efficient Marketing muscle for frequent-flyer programs, pioneered by American Airlines Airlines operate on thin profit margins, so controlling costs and maximizing revenues is a major concern

Soaring Through the Skies Operating in a deregulated environment –Airline travel was deregulated in U.S. in 1978 –Changes due to deregulation Competition on price Increase in number of airlines serving any city Airlines enter and leave airport service at will Airlines can package and market services

Other Aspects of the Airline Industry  Computerized Reservation Systems (CRS)  CRS’s such as Apollo, Sabre, Amadeus, and Galileo have had a dramatic impact on the industry.  CRS increased speed, effectiveness and efficiency of airline reservations.  Through the Internet, customers can search for the best fares and book reservations using CRSs.  Computerized Navigation and Traffic Control  Technological advances greatly improved the safety, and efficiency of air travel.  The air traffic system includes satellites, ground radar, air traffic control centers, and the airplanes.  Much of Europe ground control centers use a multitude of different operating systems.

Map of Airports in Greece

Map of Marinas in Greece

Map of Railways in Greece