THE SOIL FOOD WEB. Soil Biology and the Landscape.

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Presentation transcript:

THE SOIL FOOD WEB

Soil Biology and the Landscape

The Soil Food Web

Components of Soil Organic Matter Decomposing organic matter (active fraction) 33% - 50% Stabilized organic matter (humus) 33% - 50% Fresh residue <10% Living organisms <5%

Rhizosphere

Microbial Biomass with Depth

Seasonal Microbial Activity

FOOD WEB & SOIL HEALTH

Biomass of Soil Organisms in Four Ecosystems

Typical Numbers of Soil Organisms in Healthy Ecosystems Ag LandPrairieForest Organisms per gram (teaspoon) of soil Bacteria100 mil. -1 bil. FungiSeveral yards10s – 100’s of yds1-40 miles (in conifers) Protozoa1000’s 100,000’s Nematodes ’s – 100’s100’s Organisms per square foot Arthropods< ,000-25,000 Earthworms (0 in conifers)

Methods for Measuring the Food Web Counting Direct counts of individuals Plate counts of colonies Activity levels Respiration (CO 2 production) Nitrification rates Decomposition rates Cellular constituents Biomass C, N, or P Enzymes Phospholipids DNA and RNA

Bacteria with fluorescent stain for counting

A Complex Food Web

Complexity of the Soil Food Web in Several Ecosystems

BACTERIA

Bacteria

Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Nodules formed where Rhizobium bacteria infected soybean roots.

Actinomycetes Bacterial cells that grow like fungal hyphae

Bacteria vs. fungi

FUNGI

Fungi and Soil Quality –Decompose carbon compounds –Improve OM accumulation –Retain nutrients in the soil –Bind soil particles –Food for the rest of the food web –Mycorrhizal fungi –Compete with plant pathogens

Mycorrhizae Tree root Mycorrhizal structure Fungal hyphae

Ectomycorrhizae

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)

Mushrooms: The fruiting body of some fungi

Mycorrhizal Fungi

PROTOZOA Ciliates Largest of the three types Move by means of hair-like cilia Eat the other protozoa and bacteria Amoebae Also large Move by means of a temporary foot (pseudopod) Include testate amoebae (with shell-like covering), and naked amoebae Flagellates Smallest of the three Move by means of a few whip-like flagella.

First 29 of 58 Slides On Soil Foodweb