10/27 Daily Catalyst Pg. 40 Endosymbiotic Theory 1. You are given an unknown cell. Under your microscope you observe multiple mitochondria. From your findings, what type of cell is it? 2. A population in HWE, has 34% of the population exhibiting hybrid characteristics. Calculate the percentage of the population with the dominant allele. 3. Describe three organelles involved in protein synthesis.

10/27 Daily Catalyst Pg. 40 Endosymbiotic Theory 1. You are given an unknown cell. Under your microscope you observe multiple mitochondria. From your findings, what type of cell is it? Could be a plant or animal cell 2. A population in HWE, has 34% of the population exhibiting hybrid characteristics. Calculate the percentage of the population with the dominant allele. More information is needed 3. Describe three organelles involved in protein synthesis. RibosomesERGolgi Apparatus

10/27 Class Business Field Trip form and $5 by Tuesday Cell Test on Thursday Quiz on Wednesday M.C. on cells, HWE, reading graphs Tutoring on Wed. until 3:50 Test corrections due Wednesday after break

10/27Agenda Daily Catalyst Class business Endosymbiotic theory notes Homework: Reading Reading quiz on Tuesday

Key vocabulary: endosymbiotic, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic 10/27 Objective We will be able to use representations and models to describe differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Skills: label diagrams, comparing and contrasting, and linking structure to function. Key vocabulary: endosymbiotic, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic

Review Which of the following structures is common to plant and animal cells? A. Chloroplast B. Wall made of cellulose C. Tonoplast D. Mitochondrion E. Centriole D

Review Which of the following structure-function pairs is mismatched? A. nucleolus; ribosome production B. lysosome; intracellular digestion C. Ribosome; protein synthesis D. Golgi; protein trafficking E. Microtubule; muscle contraction E

Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into protein. This “tagging” of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to trace the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the following is more likely the pathway for movement of this protein in the cell. A. ER Golgi Nucleus B. Golgi ER lysosome C. Nucleus ER Golgi D. ER Golgi vesicles that fuse with the membrane E. ER Lysosomes vesicles that fuse with the membrane D

Cells: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Life can be divided into two categories: Prokaryote Eukaryote Eu: True Karyote: Nucleus

Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated Organelles Chromosomes Multicellular Animal and plant cells

Eukaryotes contain membrane-bounded organelles Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions Located in cytoplasm

Examples of specialized euk. cells liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.

sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell

Mesophyll cell specialized to capture as much sunlight as possible inside a leaf

How did organelles evolve? In 1981, Lynn Margulis popularized the “Endosymbiont Theory.” Many scientists theorize that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryote ancestors.

Key Point #1: Endo = inside Symbiont = relationship

Endosymbiont theory (briefly): Key Point #2: A prokaryote ancestor “eats” a smaller prokaryote The smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid being digested, and lives inside its new “host” cell kind of like a pet. Key Point #3: The two cells evolve in a way they can no longer live independently form one another This is an example of a symbiotic relationship

http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2 endosymb.html 1. Define aerobic and anaerobic 2. How is the replication of the mitochondria and chloroplast evidence for the endosymbiotic theory? 3. Explain 5 similarities between mitochondria & chloroplasts and bacterial cells 4. Describe the benefits to both an aerobic cell and an anaerobic cell that may have allowed for the formation of a mutually benefitting relationship to occur. 5. Explain why there are 2 lipid bilayers around both mitochondria and chloroplasts 6. How is the mitochondria DNA proof of the endosymbiotic theory? Time: 15 minutes

The small prokaryotes that can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts, and “pay” their host with glucose. The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration evolve into mitochondria, and convert the glucose into energy (ATP) the cell can use. Key Point #4: Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the relationship (mutualism)

The bolded words are important to proks! Key Point #5: Evidence Mitochondria Chloroplast Double Membrane Divide by binary fission Produces ATP Circular DNA Double Membrane Divide by Binary Fission Uses sunlight for photosynthesis Circular DNA The bolded words are important to proks!

Chlorella are tiny green cells that live inside some amoeba Chlorella are tiny green cells that live inside some amoeba... endosymbiosis may still be evolving today!

How are plant and animal cells different? Now that we have seen how similar plant and animal cells are how are they different?

Directions: Compare and contrast plant and animal cells using a venn diagram.

Structure Animal cells Plant cells cell membrane Yes yes nucleus nucleolus ribosomes ER Golgi centrioles no cell wall mitochondria cholorplasts One big vacuole cytoskeleton

Life can be divided into two categories: Prokaryote Pro: Before Karyote: Nucleus Eukaryote Eu: True

Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler Commonly known as bacteria ~.5 microns in size (tiny) Single-celled(unicellular)

These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.

Prokaryote cells are simply built capsule: slimy outer coating cell wall: tougher middle layer cell membrane: delicate inner skin

Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli) cytoplasm: inner liquid filling DNA in one big loop pilli: for sticking to things flagella: for swimming ribosomes: for building proteins

Prokaryote lifestyle unicellular: all alone colony: forms a film filamentous: forms a chain of cells

Prokaryote Feeding Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight Disease-causing: feed on living things Decomposers: feed on dead things

Advantages of each kind of cell architecture Prokaryotes Eukaryotes simple and easy to grow can specialize fast reproduction multicellularity all the same can build large bodies

Cell Structures Cell membrane delicate lipid and protein skin around cytoplasm found in all cells

Nucleus a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes(DNA ) has pores: holes

Nucleolus inside nucleus location of ribosome factory made or RNA

mitochondrion makes the cell’s energy the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has

Ribosomes build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm may be free- floating, or may be attached to ER made of RNA

Endoplasmic reticulum may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes

Golgi Complex takes in sacs of raw material from ER sends out sacs containing finished cell products

Lysosomes sacs filled with digestive enzymes digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell

Centrioles pair of bundled tubes organize cell division

Cytoskeleton made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.

Structures found in plant cells Cell wall very strong made of cellulose protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door

Vacuole huge water- filled sac keeps cell pressurized stores starch

Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll turn solar energy into food energy

Eukaryote cells can be multicellular The whole cell can be specialized for one job cells can work together as tissues Tissues can work together as organs

How do animal cells move? Some can crawl with pseudopods Some can swim with a flagellum Some can swim very fast with cilia

Pseudopods means “fake feet” extensions of cell membrane example: ameoba

Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair

Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane beat in unison

1. d 2. c 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. f 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. a 11. a 12. c

24/24 4.0 22/24 3.6 20/24 2.9 18/24 2.0 16/24 1.2 14/24 .4 12/24 .1