14: Infection, Disease & Epidemiology From www.washup.org: Actual handwashing behavior after using public restrooms is lower than reportedwww.washup.org.

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14: Infection, Disease & Epidemiology From Actual handwashing behavior after using public restrooms is lower than reportedwww.washup.org (U.S. Adults, Aug. 2000)

Symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism opportunism

resident microbiota transient microbial interaction antagonism/competition cooperation synergism

portals of entryExposure contamination infection parenteral

Adhesion hooks, suckers capsules, fimbriae adhesins

portals of exit

Disease terminology disease/morbidity mortality pathology etiology pathogenesis pathogen frank opportunist compromised host Evidence for disease symptoms signs syndrome

- some word roots

Others: psychogenic hypersensitive autoimmune

Koch’s Postulates

Virulence factors

cytotoxins neurotoxin enterotoxins antitoxins toxoids lipid A Limulis amoebocyte lysate assay

Virulence factors Others: M proteins mycobacterial waxes leukocidins

Stages of an infectious disease

Sources of infection droplet fomite

Scope of a disease How it moves in population Severity/duration Extent of host involvement subclinical

(new cases)/(people at risk) (all cases)/(people at risk) Epidemiology: occurrence

sporadic endemic epidemic pandemic

John Snow’s 1854 study of a cholera epidemic Kinds of studies descriptive analytical experimental

CDC Publications Visiting the CDC Eg: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

Nosocomial infections 5-15% of patients 90,000 die/yr exogenous factors endogenous factors iatrogenic infection superinfection Asepsis!!!

Unusual case of nosocomial infection (9/01)

Human Defenses (should be review from A & P; if not see Ch & Ch 18 for abnormal) Innate (nonspecific) 1st line: skin & membrane barriers, secretions 2nd line: phagocytosis, killing by leukocytes, inflammation, fever, complement system of proteins, interferons, antimicrobial peptides Adaptive (specific; 3rd line) Humoral response: B lymphocytes & antibody proteins Cell-mediated response: T lymphocytes & perforin-granzyme 4 ways to acquire immunity natural active (exposure to pathogen) natural passive artificial active (exposure to pathogen by vaccination) artificial passive

How do (bacterial) antibiotics work? (10.2)

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