Grammar 1 Prepared by ax2020

What you will need to know for the quiz: Phrases Irregular Verbs: to lie vs. to lay Clauses Need to review? Four kinds of sentences Four kinds of complements 2

Review Kinds of Sentences Complements 3

Four Kinds of Sentences 1. Simple Sentence 2. Compound Sentence 3. Complex Sentence 4. Compound-Complex Sentence 4

1. Simple Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains a main (or independent) clause—a subject and verb (or predicate) Example: Kate ran to the restaurant. 5

2. Compound Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains two or more main (or independent) clauses and no subordinate (or dependent) clauses Example: Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked. 6

3. Complex Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains one main (or independent) clause and at least one subordinate (or dependent) clause Example: Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant. 7

4. Compound-Complex Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains at least two main (or independent) clauses and one or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses Example: Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked. 8

Complements Definition: a word or words used to complete the sense of a verb. 9

Four Types of Complements 1. Predicate noun (subject complement): Rhoda became a star. 2. Predicate adjective: Betty was courageous. 3. Direct Object: Janet loves Jill. 4. Indirect Object: Give me the hammer, please. Question for review: Which are linking verbs? 10

Sentences one and two contain linking verbs: Rhoda became a star. Betty was courageous. 11

Clauses MAIN SUBORDINATE 12

Main Clause Definition: All sentences include a main clause (or independent clause)— that is, a subject and a verb. Example: The dog jumped over the plate. 13

Subordinate Clauses Adjective Noun Adverb 14

Adjective Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adjective (tells more about the noun) Example: Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a little bunny. 15

Adverb Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adverb (tells the when, why, how, where, under what condition) Example: Before we go, I must put on my shoes. 16

Noun Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as noun (as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement,object of preposition, or appositive) Click here for kinds of noun clauses.

Kinds of Noun Clauses as subjectas direct object as indirect object as predicate noun (or subject complement) as appositiveAs object of preposition 18

Noun Clause: As Subject That it snowed surprised me. 19

Noun Clause: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) The question was how to cross the bridge. 20

Noun Clause: As Object of Preposition You give the drum to whoever wants it. 21

Noun Clause: As Direct Object Chapin girls know that reading is fun. 22

Noun Clause: As Indirect Object Sally told whoever was nearby her story about the fish. 23

Noun Clause: As Appositive My teacher’s wish that I become a lifelong lover of literature could happen. 24

Phrases PREPOSITIONAL VERBAL 25

Phrases: Verbals Gerund Participial Infinitive 26

Infinitive Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive usually begins with “to.” Question for review: What is the infinitive alone? 27

to speak (the infinitive) 28

Kinds of Infinitive Phrases as subject as predicate noun (or subject complement) as direct object as appositive 29

Infinitive Phrase: As Subject To snow hard is a wonder. 30

Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) The trick was to carry the egg slowly. 31

Infinitive Phrase: As Direct Object Chapin girls like to study hard. 32

Infinitive Phrase: As Appositive My teacher’s wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen. 33

Prepositional Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the prep., and any modifiers of that object (they can function as adjective or adverb in a sentence) Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans (adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.). Question for review: Where is the appositive? 34

On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave screeched with laughter. (the appositive) 35

Participial Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a participle and words related to it (a participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends in -ed or -en) 36

Participial Phrase: Examples (present and past) Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing. Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building. Question #1 for review: What are the participles alone? Question #2 to test your knowledge of gerunds vs. participles. 37

filled (past participle) tapping (present participle) 38

Gerund Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a gerund and words related to it (a gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be confused with present participles!—and functions as a noun) Click here for kinds of gerund phrases. 39

Which is the gerund? Which is the participle? Walking on my tiptoes is fun. Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. 40

Participle: Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. Gerund: Walking on my tiptoes is fun. 41

Kinds of Gerund Phrases as subject as predicate noun (or subject complement) as object of preposition as direct object as indirect object as appositive 42

Gerund Phrase: As Subject Running in water is good for your legs. 43

Gerund Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) Her hope was getting a good seat. 44

Gerund Phrase: As Object of Preposition You’ll need shoes for walking through the mud. 45

Gerund Phrase: As Direct Object I love playing the piano. 46

Gerund Phrase: As Indirect Object She gave playing the piano a chance. 47

Gerund Phrase: As Appositive Mary’s role, playing Nora in A Doll House, was a great opportunity for her. 48

To Lay: to put, place Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc. Past: I laid, you laid, etc. Present perfect: I have laid, you have laid, etc. Past progressive: I was laying, you were laying, etc. 49

To Lie: to recline Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc. Past: I lay, you lay, etc. Present perfect: I have lain, you have lain, etc. Past progressive: I was lying, you were lying, etc. 50

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