6 Process Selection and Facility Layout

6-2 Learning Objectives  Explain the strategic importance of process selection.  Describe the basic processing types.  Describe the basic layout types.  List the main advantages and disadvantages of product layouts and process layouts.  Solve simple line-balancing problems.  Develop simple process layouts.

6-3  Process selection  Deciding on the way production of goods or services will be organized  Major implications  Capacity planning  Layout of facilities  Equipment  Design of work systems Introduction

6-4 Forecasting Product and Service Design Technological Change Capacity Planning Process Selection Facilities and Equipment Layout Work Design Process Selection and System Design

6-5 Key aspects of process strategy – Capital intensive – equipment/labor – Process flexibility/Adjust to changes – Design – Volume – Technology Process Strategy

6-6  Variety  How much  Flexibility  What degree  Volume  Expected output Process Selection

6-7  Job shop  Small scale  Batch  Moderate volume  Repetitive/assembly line  High volumes of standardized goods or services  Continuous  Very high volumes of non-discrete goods Process Types

6-8 Product – Process Matrix

Process Types  Job Shop: It is used when a low volume of high- variety goods or services will be needed. Processing is intermittent; work includes small jobs, each with somewhat different processing requirements. High flexibility using general-purpose equipment and skilled workers are important characteristics of a job shop. A manufacturing example of a job shop is a tool and die shop that is able to produce one-of-a-kind tools. A service example is a Doctor’s office. 6-9

Process Types  Batch: used when a moderate volume of goods or services is desired, and it can handle a moderate variety in products or services. The equipment need not be as flexible as in a job shop, but processing is still intermittent.  Manufacturing examples: cakes.  Service examples: airline flight, classroom lectures. 6-10

Process Types  Repetitive: used when higher volumes of more standardized goods or services are needed. The standardized output means only slight flexibility of equipment is needed. Skill of workers is generally low.  Examples of this type of system include production lines and assembly lines. Familiar products made by these systems include automobiles, television sets.  An example of a service system is an automatic carwash.  You are likely to see only minor variations in the product or service being produced using the same process and equipment 6-11

Process Types  Continuous. Used for a very high volume of non-discrete, highly standardized output.  These systems have almost no variety in output and, hence, no need for equipment flexibility. Workers' skill requirements can range from low to high, depending on the complexity of the system and the expertise workers need. Generally, if equipment is highly specialized, worker skills can be lower.  Examples of non-discrete products made in continuous systems include petroleum products and steel. Continuous services include supplying electricity and water.  Key difference between Repetitive and Continuous is that in Repetitive systems you may experience minor variations in product or service, whereas in Continuous system you will see not almost no variation. 6-12

6-13 Product and Process Profiling  Process selection can involve substantial investment in  Equipment  Layout of facilities  Product profiling: Linking key product or service requirements to process capabilities  Key dimensions  Range of products or services  Expected order sizes  Pricing strategies  Expected schedule changes  Order winning requirements

6-14  Layout: the configuration of departments, work centers, and equipment, with particular emphasis on movement of work (customers or materials) through the system  Product layouts  Process layouts  Fixed-Position layout  Combination layouts Facilities Layout

6-15 Objective of Layout Design 1.Facilitate attainment of product or service quality 2.Use workers and space efficiently 3.Avoid bottlenecks 4.Minimize unnecessary material handling costs 5.Eliminate unnecessary movement of workers or materials 6.Minimize production time or customer service time 7.Design for safety

6-16  Requires substantial investments of money and effort  Involves long-term commitments  Has significant impact on cost and efficiency of short-term operations Importance of Layout Decisions

6-17 Inefficient operations For Example: High Cost Bottlenecks Changes in the design of products or services The introduction of new products or services Accidents Safety hazards The Need for Layout Decisions

6-18 Changes in environmental or other legal requirements Changes in volume of output or mix of products Changes in methods and equipment Morale problems The Need for Layout Design (Cont’d)

6-19  Product layouts  Process layouts  Fixed-Position layout  Combination layouts Basic Layout Types

6-20  Product layout  Layout that uses standardized processing operations to achieve smooth, rapid, high- volume flow  Process layout  Layout that can handle varied processing requirements  Fixed Position layout  Layout in which the product or project remains stationary, and workers, materials, and equipment are moved as needed Basic Layout Types

6-21 Raw materials or customer Finished item Station 2 Station 2 Station 3 Station 3 Station 4 Station 4 Material and/or labor Station 1 Material and/or labor Material and/or labor Material and/or labor Used for Repetitive or Continuous Processing Product Layout

In Out Workers A U-Shaped Product Line

6-23  High rate of output  Low unit cost  Labor specialization  Low material handling cost  High utilization of labor and equipment  Established routing and scheduling  Routing accounting and purchasing Advantages of Product Layout

6-24  Creates dull, repetitive jobs  Poorly skilled workers may not maintain equipment or quality of output  Fairly inflexible to changes in volume  Highly susceptible to shutdowns  Needs preventive maintenance  Individual incentive plans are impractical Disadvantages of Product Layout

6-25 Dept. A Dept. BDept. D Dept. C Dept. F Dept. E Used for Intermittent processing Job Shop or Batch Processes Process Layout (functional) Process Layout

6-26  Can handle a variety of processing requirements  Not particularly vulnerable to equipment failures  Equipment used is less costly  Possible to use individual incentive plans Advantages of Process Layouts

6-27  In-process inventory costs can be high  Challenging routing and scheduling  Equipment utilization rates are low  Material handling slow and inefficient  Complexities often reduce span of supervision  Special attention for each product or customer  Accounting and purchasing are more involved Disadvantages of Process Layouts

6-28 Fixed Position Layouts  Fixed Position Layout: Layout in which the product or project remains stationary, and workers, materials, and equipment are moved as needed.  Nature of the product dictates this type of layout  Weight  Size  Bulk  Large construction projects

6-29  Cellular Production  Layout in which machines are grouped into a cell that can process items that have similar processing requirements  Group Technology  The grouping into part families of items with similar design or manufacturing characteristics Cellular Layouts

6-30  Warehouse and storage layouts  Retail layouts  Office layouts  Service layouts must be aesthetically pleasing as well as functional Service Layouts

6-31  Service layouts can often be categorized as product, process, or fixed-position layouts.  In a fixed-position service layout (e.g., appliance repair, roofing, home remodeling, copier service), materials, labor, and equipment are brought to the customer's residence or office). Service Layouts

6-32  Process layouts are common in services due mainly to the high degree of variety in customer processing requirements. Examples include hospitals, supermarkets and department stores, vehicle repair centers, and banks.  Product layout can be used if the service is organized sequentially, with all customers or work following the same or similar sequence, as it is in a car wash. Service Layouts

6-33  Important factors in service layout design include:  Target customer and desired customer experience  Customer attitude and image  Frequency of orders  High level of customer contact  The mixture of the physical items, sensual benefits, and psychological benefits.  Interesting point: service layout design is not generally focused on cost minimization and product flow. Service Layout Design

6-34 Line Balancing is the task of deciding how to assign work to specific workstations to achieve maximum utilization of labor and equipment Design Product Layouts: Line Balancing Line Balancing is the process of assigning tasks to workstations in such a way that the workstations have approximately equal time requirements.

6-35 Cycle time is the maximum time allowed at each workstation to complete its set of tasks on a unit. Cycle Time

6-36 Determine Maximum Output

6-37 As a general rule, the Cycle Time is determined by the desired output. A desired output rate is selected, and the Cycle time is computed. Cycle Time

6-38 Determine the Minimum Number of Workstations Required

6-39 Precedence diagram: Tool used in line balancing to display elemental tasks and sequence requirements A Simple Precedence Diagram a b cd e 0.1 min. 0.7 min. 1.0 min. 0.5 min.0.2 min. Precedence Diagram

6-40  Example 1: Assembly Line Balancing

6-41 Example 1: Assembly Line Balancing

6-42 Workstation Time RemainingEligible Assign Task Revised Time Remaining Station Idle Time a, c c none ac-ac bb de-de- de-de Example 1 Solution Total idle time = = 0.5

6-43 Efficiency = 1 – Percent idle time Calculate Percent Idle Time & Efficiency

6-44 Example 2

6-45 Example 2 1. Draw a precedence diagram

6-46 Example 2

6-47 Example 2

6-48 Station 1Station 2Station 3Station 4 ab e f d g h c Example 2

6-49 Example 2

min.2 min.1 min. 60/hr. 30/hr. Bottleneck Bottleneck Workstation

6-51 Parallel Workstations 1 min. 2 min. 1 min. 60/hr. 30/hr. 60/hr. 2 min. 30/hr. Parallel Workstations

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