Neuroanatomy

Brain Organization

Spinal Cord Anatomy Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Horn: Sensory information in Ventral Horn: Motor information out

Brainstem Brainstem: arousal center (ARAS) sensory in pathway motor out pathway Midbrain Superior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus Pons REM sleep Medulla breathing center cardiac center

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) Arousal Center

Cranial Nerves I. Olfactory smell II. Optic vision III. Oculomotor eye movement IV. Trochlear eye movement V. Trigeminal face movement mastication VI. Abducens eye movement VII. Facial face/tongue movement VIII. Vestibulocochlear hearing/balance IX. Glossopharyngeal taste/swallowing X. Vagus parasympathetic NS XI. Accessory neck movement XII. Hypoglossal tongue movement swallowing

Cerebellum Motor Coordination Fine tuning of: sensory systems emotions learning and memory Autism decreased cerebellum size

Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus relay station Hypothalamus regulation center

Nucleus Reticularis Thalami NRT: GABA cells Gatekeeper

Hypothalamic Nuclei satiety hunger/thirst sex circadian rhythms reproduction stress thermoregulation blood pressure/heart rate blood pressure/shivering memory reproduction

Limbic System memory recognition memory smell recognition? aggression fear learning smell Emotion Rewards Memory

Limbic System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia increased lateral ventricles

Limbic System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Reduced Hippocampus and Amygdala Normal Affected

Basal Ganglia Movement Parkinson’s Disease cell death in substantia nigra

Cortical Lobes Frontal: Strategy and Planning Motor area Parietal: Somatosensory area Temporal: Audition, Language Occipital: Vision

Evidence: smaller forebrain smaller cerebral cortex smaller dorsolateral prefrontal cortex fewer cortical neurons smaller cortical neurons abnormal neuronal development neurons remain in white matter fail to arrange in neat order abnormal CAMs less metabolic activity hypofrontality failure to increase activity following task abnormal EEGs Cortical Lobe Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Atypical Frontal Lobe Structure