9 Lesson 9.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Lesson 9.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control Lesson 9.3: Respiratory Disorders and Diseases The Respiratory System

Lesson 9.1 Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Chapter 9: The Respiratory System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the nose the nasal cavity the pharynx the larynx the trachea the bronchi the lungs Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the nose –nares the nasal cavity Lined with mucous membranes to filter and purify Ciliated, olfactory hairs/receptors, nerves and vessels –Conchae –scrolls that increase surface area Superior, inferior and middle- 3 passageways Increase turbulence to help filter particles----boogers Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the palate Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity Uvula Cleft palate the sinuses-4 of them (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoid, maxillary) Lighten head ( holes) warm and humidify air, increase tone Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Upper Respiratory Tract

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the pharynx- 5in –Tonsils- lymph –Eustachian the larynx –8 plates of cartilage Thyroid cartilage Adams apple –Epiglottis –Vocal folds the trachea 4 in –5 th vertebrae –C rings Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the bronchi –primary bronchi- R and L R shorter (top lobe) –bronchioles –the alveoli surfactant pores of Kohn- allow macrophage travel –the alveolar capillary membrane Gas exchange (diffusion) Anatomy of the Respiratory System

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the lungs- 2.5 pounds, float –Mediastinum Central area where heart, esophagus, etc located Left Lung- 2 lobes, indentation for the heart Right Lung- 3 lobes –Apex- top sits just below collarbone –pleural sac parietal pleura visceral pleura Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Lesson 9.2 Respiration: Mechanics and Control Chapter 9: The Respiratory System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. respiration nonrespiratory air maneuvers control of breathing lung volume Respiration: Mechanics and Control

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. also known as breathing air always moves from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area four key tasks involved in respiration –pulmonary ventilation- air in and out * –external respiration- oxygen introduction * –respiratory gas transport- O2 and CO2/ 10&11 –internal respiration- gasses to cells/ 10&11 Respiration

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Boyle’s law –as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas decreases At rest, intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure are at 760mm Hg Drop in intrapulmonary pressure= take in air Rise in IP pressure= expel air Respiration

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. inspiration (inhalation) –Diaphragm flattens and intercostal muscles contract –thoracic cavity expands –IP pressure decreases ( negative pressure vacuum) expiration (exhalation) –Diaphragm rises and intercostal muscles relax –thoracic cavity shrinks –IP pressure rises (positive pressure- air forced out) Respiration

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Respiration

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. neural factors –pons and medulla oblongata chemical factors –central chemoreceptors: CSF acidity ( high CO2 levels) –peripheral chemoreceptors: Blood O2 –Mechanoreceptors: muscle activity –Women have a higher RR than Men, Children have a higher RR than adults ( infants 40-60) –Exercise increases RR ( duh) by ~50 bpm Control of Breathing breaths per minute

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Control of Breathing

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. static –air volume in lungs –Tidal Volume= air inhaled in normal breath –Vital capacity- Deepest breath –Residual volume- what doesn’t leave – can’t measure dynamic –air volume in lungs based on time Lung Volume Varies

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. functional residual capacity –Same as RV inspiratory reserve volume –Inhale after normal Resp. expiratory reserve volume –Total exhale total lung capacity –IRV+TV+ERV+RV=~6L Static Lung Volume

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Measured during forced vital capacity forced expiratory volume in one second (normal breath)- how well the lungs expel air forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (after deep breath): normal is about 6 seconds –Airway diseases such as COPD, emphysema and asthma decrease this value to ~80% –Lung related diseases that cause lung stiffness, such as pneumonia or CF decrease BOTH values Dynamic Lung Volume- Lung Function

Lesson 9.3 Respiratory Disorders and Diseases Chapter 9: The Respiratory System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. upper respiratory tract illnesses- most common –Nasopharyngitis= common cold lower respiratory tract illnesses chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases asthma lung cancer Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. avoiding URIs –cover when sneezing and coughing –wash hands –don’t touch hands to eyes, nose, mouth Influenza –VIRAL –5-20%infected per year –25000 deaths/ year –Vaccine Problems? Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses avg = 2-4/ year icyimage/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. acute bronchitis –Inflammation of tracheal and bronchial mm –Cough (usually +cold/virus) –NSAID, decongestant/expectorant pneumonia –Infection of lungs (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic) –Damage to lung cells causes fluid buildup –Gas exchange damage –Abx and O2 tuberculosis –Contagious infection of lungs ( can travel to other systems) –Some strains resistant to abx –2-4 week confinement/isolation Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Defined- any lung disorder with long term airway obstruction and difficulty breathing (emphysema and chronic ( > 3 month duration) bronchitis most common) long term disability, 5% of all deaths (W.H.O.) causes –Smoking- ANY TYPE ( even secondhand or occupational exposure) –Increases risk of illnesses, depression – dyspnea worsens over time living with COPD ( because there is no cure) –stop smoking –purse-lipped breathing ( technique where inhale through nose, exhale through pursed lips slowly) –Respiratory therapy, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory meds –Therapy DOES NOT slow the dz Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Emphysema- form of COPD –Chronic lung inflammation, alveolar damage, capillary bed damage leading to alveolar rupture- less gas exchange and decreased lung surface area –Hyperventilation triggered to dispel extra CO2-“pink puffers” chronic bronchitis –Inflammation and excessive mucous obstructs airways –Bacteria can thrive trapped in mucous of lungs –Inc mucous causes decreased RR and inc Cardiac output –Gas exchange still possible –“blue bloaters”- hypoxemia and increased residual volume Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. asthma attack –inflamed and narrowed airways –Bronchospasms –Increased mucous production –Wheezing, tightness, cough –caused by family history, allergens or irritants –treatment relaxes muscles to expand airways, limiting exposure to allergens Asthma xavier gallego morel/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 90% from smoking Death within 1 year (slow growth, fast metastasis, lung function loss) Small cell or non-small cell –Non more common- slower spread –Small metastasizes before detectible tumor forms Both- radiation, chemo, tumor removal if caught early Lung cancer