Lecture 13 Web: pollev.com/ucibio Text: To: Type in:

Putting it all together – Glycolysis Understood thermodynamics of biochemical reactions - Spontaneous - Coupling - Rates Understood reaction rates - Activation energy - Enzymes Understood how enzymes work - Structure & function - Active sites Regulating individual reactions & pathways

So, here we go… Glycolysis Stage 1: Preparative Stage 2: Energy generating Glc  Pyruvate

Glycolysis steps: Which reactions do what? Fix Glc in cell Fix isomer conformation Split into 3-C molecules Isomerise to enable splitting into two 3-C molecules Use both 3-C molecules Generate energy (ATP)

1. Fix Glc in cell

2. Get a cleavable molecule Need to get TWO 3C chains

2.5 Fix the isomer form

3. Cleave into 3C molecules

4. How to use BOTH molecules? Equilibrium: 96% DHAP!

5. Start energy generation phase Carbon oxidation  Phosphoryl transfer potential

6. Breakeven! Substrate level phosphorylation Carbon oxidation  Phosphoryl transfer potential

7. Wait for it…

7.5 Wait for it….

8. Profit!

1. Fix Glc in cell

2.5 Fix the isomer form

8. Profit!

Before understanding regulation… Overall reaction & importance of NADH Glc + 2ADP + 2P i + 2NAD + 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH+H + + 2H 2 0

Before understanding regulation… What is the fate of Pyruvate in cells?

Understanding regulation… Roles of Glycolysis What are the roles of Glycolysis in cells? Polysaccharides Monosaccharides Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA TCA Amino Acids Nucleotides Fru-2,6-bis-PO4 Lactic acid ATP

Regulating the pathway What are the roles of Glycolysis in cells? Positive regulators (Need MORE Glycolysis) Negative regulators (Need LESS Glycolysis)

Key regulatory points of Glycolysis