Protein Synthesis (DNA and RNA)

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Located in the nucleus Double helix  Twisted ladder

DNA Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA in 1953 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was awarded jointly to Crick, Watson and Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". Francis CrickJames Watson

DNA DNA Nucleotide  Sugar - Deoxyribose  Phosphate  Base Adenine – Thymine Guanine – Cytosine Mnemonic devices  A and T spell “AT”  All Tigers Can Grow

DNA Sides of ladder are consisted of sugars and phosphates Rungs of ladder are consisted of nitrogen bases

DNA Hydrogen bonds – holds bases together

DNA Replication One strand of DNA “unzips” and make two strands of DNA by binding with free nucleotides

DNA Replication

RNA Different types are used to translate instructions from DNA into making proteins Ribonucleic acid Located in the cytoplasm

RNA RNA Nucleotide  Sugar - Ribose  Phosphate  Base Adenine – Uracil Guanine – Cytosine  Mnemonic devices All Unicorns Can Grow or All Unibrows Can Grow U

Complementary Base Pairing DNA  A-T  C-G Examples of DNA replication:  A-T-C-G-G-C-A-T-C  A-A-C-T-G-G-G-C-G RNA  A-U  C-G Examples of transcription:  A-T-C-A-C-A-G-T-A  C-A-G-G-A-C-T-A-G

RNA Three types of RNA  Messenger RNA (mRNA) Half of a ladder  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Hamburger bun shaped  Transfer RNA (tRNA) Attach to mRNA mRNA tRNA rRNA

Codons Codon – a sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents the “code” for one amino acid Amino acid – a building block for proteins

Codons Start codon - tells cells to begin making amino acids  AUG Stop codon – tell cells to cease amino acid production  UAG  UGA  UAA

Transcription The first stage in making amino acids DNA is the blueprint for making amino acids Transcription occurs in the nucleus

Transcription DNA unzips and free ribonucleotides bind to the DNA strand The finished product is a mRNA strand mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

Translation The second stage in producing amino acids Translation occurs in the cytoplasm A ribosome (or rRNA) attaches to a mRNA and scans the mRNA

Translation One tRNA (or an anticodon) will attach to a codon to produce an amino acid After an amino acid is formed, the tRNA will detach from the mRNA Amimo acids are held together by peptide bonds Two or more amino acids form a polypeptide

Progression of a protein  Amino acid – the building blocks of proteins  Polypeptide – two or more amino acids  Protein – several polypeptide chains

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