English Language Arts Level 7, Lesson #1

Introduction Reading requires a number of skills. Today’s topics are intended to enhance your speaking and reading experience.

Today’s Objectives Part 1 Prefixes and how they are used at the beginning of words Part 2 Learn how sentences are built Part 3 Idiom of the day

Part I - Prefixes Many American English words come from Greek and Latin beginnings. Today, we will discuss how Greek and Latin prefixes are used in American English words. Definition: Prefix / prē fiks / To put or attach before or in front of…

Common Prefixes “ anti- ” (against) “ co- ” (together) “ demos ”(people) “ inter- ”(between among) “ mis- ” (wrong, bad) “ post- ” (after) “ pre- ” (before) “ re- ” (again, back) “ sub- ” (under) “ trans- ” (across, beyond)

Prefixes: “Anti-” and “Co-” Today we will learn two new prefixes: “ Anti -” (against) and “ Co -” (together) Some words that begin with “ anti -:” anti -aging and anti virus

“ anti -” aging Defined “ anti-aging :” A term for activities intended to slow or reverse aging and extend one’s youthful appearance or life span. Example usage: The old woman used an anti -aging cream to look younger.

“ anti -” virus Defined “ antivirus :” A software program designed to defend a computer against and remove destructive viruses. Example usage: Most anti virus programs protect computers from viruses and remove any viruses that are found.

The Prefix “ co- ” The prefix “ co- ” at the beginning of a word means: “together,” “with,” “partner,” “assistant,” “equally” or “jointly” Words that begin with “ co -:” “ co -”operate, “ co -” founder, “ co -”exist

“ co- ”operate Defined cooperate : To act jointly; work toward the same end. Help someone or comply with their requests Example usage: Susie will co operate with the police.

“ co -” founder Defined cofounder: An individual who starts a new business jointly with another person or persons. Example usage: Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs were co founders of Apple Computers.

“ co -”exist Defined coexist : To live together at the same time or in the same place. (of nations or peoples) It also means to exist in mutual tolerance despite different ideologies or interests. Example: The peoples of America co exist in relative peace.

More Prefixes We will l earn new prefixes to help us improve our reading. Next week you will learn to use two new prefixes: “ demos -” (people) and “ inter -” (between, among)

Assignment To prepare for next week’s prefix lesson, use the internet or a dictionary to find three words that begin with “demos-” and three words that begin with “inter-.”

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Part 2 -Sentence Building One of the basic foundations of good writing is understanding how to build a sentence. There will be times when we will need to communicate with others, but perhaps we are too far away to speak with them directly.

Sentence Building We will have to write our thoughts on paper, via or through texting. There is a proper way to write our thoughts so that we can be understood by others.

Sentence Writing and Language We are learning to write sentences because they will also aid in our understanding of how words are used to speak the English language.

The Sentence Defined A sentence is an independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter, has a subject and verb, and it ends with a period (.), question mark (?), or exclamation point. (!)

An Example Sentence The dog ate. This is a complete sentence because it tells what the subject is and what the subject did. “Dog” is the subject and “ate” tells what the dog did. The word “ate” is an action verb. We will discuss verbs in a future lesson.

Diagramming a Sentence We use a diagram to show the basic parts of a sentence and how those parts are used when we speak. SubjectVerb Object

Diagramming a Sentence First, draw a line: Then, separate the line into three parts. SubjectVerbObject

The dog ate. On the line, write the subject (dog) and the verb (ate). dogate Parts of a Sentence SubjectVerb

By telling what the dog ate, we give the sentence an object. The object receives action from the verb. Let’s Add an Object to the Sentence

The dog ate (what?). Let’s add “the bone.” dogatebone Here, we have the subject, verb and object on the diagram line. Let’s Add an Object to the Diagram ObjectVerbSubject

Modifiers Give More Information The basic sentence gives information about the subject and the verb and many times, the object. Modifiers give specific information about the subject, verb and object.

Adding Modifiers Modifiers describe. They tell “which,” “what kind of,” “how many” or “how much about the subject or object. Add the modifiers “brown” and “old” to the sentence to tell “what kind of” dog and “what kind of” bone.

The brown dog ate the old bone. In a diagram, the modifiers (describers) are placed below the part it describes. dogatebone Example Modifiers b r o w n o l d The the

Sentence Practice Take the sentences below apart to show the three a basic parts: the subject, verb and object. 1. The princess wore a hat. 2. The bees made honey.

1.princessworehat 2.beesmadehoney Answers Object Subject Verb Subject VerbObject

Add Modifiers For sentence 1, add modifiers to show “what kind of” princess and “what kind of” hat. In sentence 2, add modifiers to show “what kind of” bees and “what kind of” honey.

Add Modifiers That Describe Modifier Verb Modifier 1.princessworehat 2.beesmadehoney

Example Modifiers The beautiful princess wore a pink hat. The yellow bees made delicious honey. Now let’s show the modifiers in our diagrams.

princessworehat bees madehoney Add Modifiers The b e a u t i f u l a y e l l o w d e l i c i o u s p i n k

Some Modifiers are called Adjectives Adjectives modify nouns. We will discuss this idea in detail in a future lesson. In the meantime, make your basic sentences more interesting by adding modifiers.

Assignment Diagram the four sentences below and show the subject (Tell what the sentence is about.) Show the verb (What action did the subject take in the sentence?) Show the object (What was done after the verb.)

Diagram the Sentences 1. The boy wrote a story. 2. The mother made cookies. 3. The girl likes candy. 4. The car made a noise.

Diagramming a Sentence First, draw a line: Then, separate the line into three parts. SubjectVerbObject

Diagram the Sentences 1. The boy wrote a story. 2. The mother made cookies. SubjectVerbObject SubjectVerbObject

Diagram the Sentences 3. The girl likes candy. 4. The car made a noise. SubjectVerbObject SubjectVerbObject

Answers 1. The boy wrote a story. boywrotestory 2. The mother made cookies. mother made cookies SubjectVerbObject SubjectVerbObject

Answers (continued) 3. The girl likes candy. girllikescandy 4. The car made a noise. carmade noise SubjectVerbObject VerbSubject

Practice - Add Modifiers Give more details about the subject and object by adding modifiers to describe. Put the modifiers beneath the word.

Answers 1. The boy wrote a story. boywrotestory 2. The mother made cookies. mother made cookies Modifier Verb Modifier Verb Modifier

Answers (continued) 3. The girl likes candy. girllikescandy 4. The car made a noise. carmade noise Modifier Verb Modifier Verb Modifier

Sentence Review We have learned to take basic sentences apart to show the subject, verb and object. We have also learned to add modifiers to make the sentence more interesting.

Sentence Review We will refer to the four diagrammed sentences over several grammar lessons in the future. Keep them with you for next week’s lesson.

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Part 3 - The Idiom Idioms are spoken phrases that cannot be found in the dictionary. An idiom is an expression that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words.

Idioms Look at the following idiom, “on the house.” Do you know what this phrase means? Does it mean that something is attached to a house? Let’s take a look.

Idiom of the Day: “on the house” The actual meaning is to receive something free from a business. The hotel room was not ready so they gave us something to drink “ on the house.” (in other words, “gave us a free drink” paid for by the business.)

“On the house” The idiomatic meaning of “on the house” is to receive something free from a business. Idioms are important to know because they will help you understand spoken words that cannot be found in the dictionary.

Idiom of the Day During each lesson, you will be introduced to a new idiom which is intended to aid in your understanding of the English language.

Reading a Short Passage As an enrichment activity, we will read The First Road Trip and answer the questions that accompany the story. THE FIRST ROAD TRIP.docx

This lesson has ended It was a pleasure to work with you today. During our next lesson, you will learn more about prefixes, learn how sentences are structured, as well as learn a new idiom. Goodbye until next time.