1 Session 2: SET Workshop Human-Systems Integration Azad M. Madni & Colin J. Neill SET Team January 28, 2010

2 12/1 6/20 09 Research Area Objectives ■Produce innovative HSI methods for integrating humans with adaptable systems ■Identify where and how HSI considerations need to be introduced within the SE lifecycle ■Maximize developer-tool compatibility in systems architecting and design ■Contribute to all SET Research Areas

3 12/1 6/20 09 What’s New in Proposed Approach ■Explicitly takes into account  human cognitive limitations  human adaptively limitations  task shedding behavior ■Focuses on integrating humans with adaptable systems  cognitive coupling during adaptation ■Encompasses  system developers’ skill set, capabilities, and limitations  models of humans that interact with and are part of the system

4 12/1 6/20 09 Current Practice and Limitations ■Designers continue to build systems that shore up/ compensate for human shortcomings because they view humans as suboptimal job performers (Madni, COCOMO Workshop, 2008)  this mindset fails to capitalize on human ingenuity and creativity ■Current methods rely on HFE tools that do not span the SE life cycle ■Current methods do not address  human adaptivity  human interaction with adaptable systems  where and how HSI considerations need to be introduced in SE life cycle ■Current methods are ill-suited to dealing with human-intensive systems  they tend to characterize human behaviors without taking into account human variability

5 12/1 6/20 09 Human-Systems Integration ■Human-Systems Integration (HSI) is the study and design of interactions between humans and the system(s) they work (or interact) with in a manner that ensures safe, consistent, and efficient operations with error avoidance ■HSI is intended to optimize joint performance of humans and systems in both normal and contingency operations ■HSI considerations need to be addressed throughout the SE life cycle to circumvent the likelihood of human-system mismatches during actual task performance

6 Key HSI Considerations ■ Development  developer-tool compatibility relative to development tasks  end user-system compatibility relative to operational tasks  end user-system coupling during system adaptation ■ Operation  human as operator (i.e., controller, manager, supervisor)  human as agent (i.e., teammate, backup, peer, subordinate)

7 12/1 6/20 09 Proposed R&D ■Develop overall approach to identifying HSI concerns in the systems engineering life cycle ■Identify unique HSI concerns that need to be addressed when building adaptable systems  context-switching (e.g., adaptive multitasking)  cognitive overload and task-shedding ■Develop methodology and visualization formats that allow non-programmer users to address HSI concerns throughout SE life cycle ■Demonstrate overall concept for adaptable system (e.g., adaptable netcentric services) with HSI as a central concern

8 Enhanced HSI Scope HSI Considerations HSI considerations before/ during adaptation HSI methods need to address both the full SE life cycle and dynamic system adaptation contexts. SE Life Cycle … Dynamic System Adaptation Contexts

9 12/1 6/20 09 Enhanced HSI Process ■Specifically addresses HSI issues in integrating humans with adaptable software/systems ■Based on principles from cognitive psychology and social science ■HSI strategies take into account Technology Readiness Levels and attendant uncertainties ■Ensures human-machine system operates within acceptable risk envelope

10 12/1 6/20 09 Payoffs ■General  robust human-system performance under routine and contingency operations  exploitation of unique human capabilities  reliable “cognitive coupling” during system adaptation (e.g., while system undergoing updates)  enhanced developer-tool compatibility through “shared understanding” of development tasks ■Project-specific  provide value to existing MPTs and systems  support SET Research Areas across SE life cycle

11 12/1 6/20 09 References H.R. Booher, R, Beaton, and F. Greene, Human Systems Integration, in A. Sage and W.B. Rouse (Editors), Handbook of Systems Engineering and Modeling, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2009, pp Defense Science Board, Defense Science Board Task Force on Patriot System Performance, Report Summary DTIC No. ADA435837, January 2005 Department of Defense Handbook, Human Engineering Program Process and Procedures, MIL-HDBK-46855, January 31, 1996 A.M. Madni, Integrating human factors, software and systems engineering: Challenges and opportunities, Proc of the 23 rd International Forum on COCOMO and Systems/Software Cost Modeling and ICM Workshop 3, Davidson Conference Center, University of Southern California, October 27-30, 2008 A.M. Madni, HUMANE: A knowledge-based simulation environment for human-machine function allocation, Proc of IEEE National Aerospace & Electronics Conference, Dayton, Ohio, May, 1988c A.M. Madni, A. Sage, and C.C. Madni, Infusion of cognitive engineering into systems engineering processes and practices, Proc. of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, October 10-12, 2005, Hawaii R.W. Pew and A.S. Mavor, Human–system integration in the system development process: A New Look, National Academy Press, 2007 T.B. Sheridan, Humans and automation: System design and research issues, John Wiley Sons, 2002