IB DP2 Chemistry Option D: Medicines and Drugs What compounds are living organisms built from?

Option D: Medicines and Drugs D1 Pharmaceutical products (2 hours) D1.1 List the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the body D1.2 Outline the stages involved in the research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products. D.1.3 Describe the different methods of administering drugs. D.1.4 Discuss the terms therapeutic window, tolerance and side-effects. D2 Antacids (1 hour) D.2.1 State and explain how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced by the use of different bases. D3 Analgesics (3 hours) D.3.1 Describe and explain the different ways that analgesics prevent pain. D.3.2 Describe the use of derivatives of salicylic acid as mild analgesics, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of using aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen). D.3.3 Compare the structures of morphine, codeine and diamorphine (heroin, a semi-synthetic opiate). D.3.4 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using morphine and its derivatives as strong analgesics. D4 Depressants (3 hours) D.4.1 Describe the effects of depressants. D.4.2 Discuss the social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol. D.4.3 Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath, the blood and urine. D.4.4 Describe the synergistic effects of ethanol with other drugs. D.4.5 Identify other commonly used depressants and describe their structures. D5 Stimulants (2.5 hours) D.5.1 List the physiological effects of stimulants. D5.2 Compare amphetamines and epinephrine (adrenaline). D.5.3 Discuss the short- and long-term effects of nicotine consumption. D.5.4 Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine. D6 Antibacterials (2 hours) D.6.1 Outline the historical development of penicillins. D.6.2 Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side- chain. D.6.3 Discuss and explain the importance of patient compliance and the effect of penicillin overprescription. D7 Antivirals (1.5 hours) D.7.1 State how viruses differ from bacteria. D.7.2 Describe the different ways in which antiviral drugs work. D.7.3 Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.

D1 Pharmaceuticals

Therapeutic index  therapeutic index = LD50 ED50

D2 Antacids

D3 Analgesics Can drugs stop pain?

Analgesics relieve pain  at site of injury- eg aspirin prevents synthesis of enzyme prostaglandin synthase  in brain- eg morphine blocks receptor sites Image: mind/human-brain/pain.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the- mind/human-brain/pain.htm

Aspirin (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is made from salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic)  aspirin hydrolysed to salicylic acid in the small intestine Images:

Aspirin  mild pain relief (eg for arthritis and rheumatism)  reduces blood clotting  side effect: may cause bleeding in the lining of the stomach  allergy Images:

Oil of wintergreen  methyl salicylate  used for topical pain relief to prevent inflammation Image:

Paracetamol  mild pain relief  fewer side effects than aspirin  relatively narrow therapeutic window Image:

Opiates  group of strong analgesics for severe pain  naturally occuring in opium poppy (morphine and codeine)

Heroin produced by diesterification of morphine Image: (Codeine is a monoesterification)

Heroin produced by diesterification of morphine Image:

D4 Stimulants

Stimulants: psychoactive drugs giving temporary higher alertness, wakefulness, or locomotion.  ‘uppers’  functional opposite of depressants Image:

Amphetamines (alpha ‑ methylphenethylamine)  in the class of phenylethylamines  sympathomimetic  related to hormone adrenaline (norepinephrine) - ‘fight or flight’  cause reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin  used by military to treat narcolepsy in 1940s  used as antidepressants and slimming pills in 50s and 60s phenylethylamine

Amphetmaine short term effects  increase in heart rate  increase in breathing rate  heightened alertness  dilation of pupils  decrease in appetite

Amphetamine side effects  fatigue  depression  weight loss  psychological problems

Methanphetamines

Alkaloid  nitrogen-containing compounds of plant origin  heterocyclic rings  tertiary amine group  examples morphine, codeine, cocaine, caffeine and nicotine

Nicotine  sympathomimetic  stimulant  short term effects: increased heart rate and blood pressure, reduction in urine output  long term effects: increased risk of heart disease and coronary thrombosis, peptic ulcers, cancer Image:

Caffeine  stimulant  diuretic  respiratory stimulant  increases concentration and alertness  sleeplessness

D5 Depressants

Depressants slow down the central nervous system  lower mental activity  calmness, reduced anxiety  euphoria  induce sleep  loss of consciousness, coma and death in high doses  synergistic effects  examples: alcohol, opiates, barbituates, benzodiazepines, cannaboids

D6 Antibacterials

D7 Antivirals

Links  Biological molecules content/crash-course1/crash-course-biology/v/crash-course- biology-103https:// content/crash-course1/crash-course-biology/v/crash-course- biology-103  Zwitterion and gel electrophoresis no-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions no-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions