Figure 12.1 Embryonic development of the human brain. Neural tube (contains neural canal) Primary brain vesicles Secondary brain vesicles Adult brain structures Adult neural canal regions Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Lateral ventricles Telencephalon Anterior (rostral) Prosencephalon (forebrain) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina Third ventricle Diencephalon Mesencephalon (midbrain) Mesencephalon Brain stem: midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Metencephalon Brain stem: pons Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Myelencephalon Brain stem: medulla oblongata Posterior (caudal) Spinal cord Central canal © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Opener 12 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.2c Brain development. Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Birth: Shows adult pattern of structures and convolutions. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.4a Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres. Anterior Longitudinal fissure Frontal lobe Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Parietal lobe Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe Posterior Superior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.4c Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres. Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere) Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Fissure (a deep sulcus) Spinal cord Gyrus Cortex (gray matter) Sulcus White matter Lobes and sulci of the cerebrum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.4a Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres. Anterior Longitudinal fissure Frontal lobe Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Parietal lobe Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe Posterior Superior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.4c Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres. Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere) Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Fissure (a deep sulcus) Spinal cord Gyrus Cortex (gray matter) Sulcus White matter Lobes and sulci of the cerebrum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.9b Basal nuclei. (2 of 2) Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Head of caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Thalamus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Parkinson’s Disease -Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons -What is dopamine? -Without dopamine basal nuclei become overactive-tremor

Huntingtin’s Disease -The Huntingtin gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called "huntingtin" -Fatal hereditary disorder -Huntington protein accumulates in basal nuclei -Autosomal dominant mutation -Any child of an affected person typically has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease

Figure 12.10a Midsagittal section of the brain. Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Posterior commissure Interventricular foramen Epithalamus Pineal gland Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Hypothalamus Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.13a–b Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple). Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Diencephalon View (a) View (c) Brain stem Medulla oblongata View (b) Optic chiasma Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus Optic nerve (II) Optic tract Thalamus Mammillary body Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve (III) Pituitary gland Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Trochlear nerve (IV) Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain) Trochlear nerve (IV) Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve (V) Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle Facial nerve (VII) Abducens nerve (VI) Inferior cerebellar peduncle Abducens nerve (VI) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Olive Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Pyramid Ventral root of first cervical nerve Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI) Decussation of pyramids Spinal cord © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral view Left lateral view

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus

Figure 12.10a Midsagittal section of the brain. Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Posterior commissure Interventricular foramen Epithalamus Pineal gland Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Hypothalamus Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.13a–b Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple). Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Diencephalon View (a) View (c) Brain stem Medulla oblongata View (b) Optic chiasma Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus Optic nerve (II) Optic tract Thalamus Mammillary body Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve (III) Pituitary gland Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Trochlear nerve (IV) Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain) Trochlear nerve (IV) Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve (V) Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle Facial nerve (VII) Abducens nerve (VI) Inferior cerebellar peduncle Abducens nerve (VI) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Olive Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Pyramid Ventral root of first cervical nerve Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI) Decussation of pyramids Spinal cord © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral view Left lateral view

Anterior lobe Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Cerebellar peduncles Figure 12.15b Cerebellum. Anterior lobe Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Cerebellar peduncles Posterior lobe • Superior • Middle Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle • Inferior Medulla oblongata Flocculonodular lobe © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.22 Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Dura mater • Periosteal layer • Meningeal layer Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater Pia mater Subdural space Arachnoid villus Blood vessel Subarachnoid space Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid villus Choroid plexus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater 1 Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Interventricular foramen Third ventricle 3 Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF. 1 Median aperture 2 2 CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Central canal of spinal cord CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 3 (a) CSF circulation CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDMO4vYkqdg © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.3a Ventricles of the brain. Lateral ventricle Anterior horn Inferior horn Third ventricle Lateral aperture Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal Anterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.3b Ventricles of the brain. Lateral ventricle Anterior horn Posterior horn Third ventricle Inferior horn Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal Left lateral view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.24 Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid villus Choroid plexus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Central canal of spinal cord The choroid plexus of each ventricle produces CSF. 1 Ependymal cells Capillary 2 Section of choroid plexus CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Connective tissue of pia mater CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 3 CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4 Wastes and unnecessary solutes absorbed CSF forms as a filtrate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions (Na+, Cl–, Mg2+, etc.) Cavity of ventricle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CSF circulation CSF formation by choroid plexuses

Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid villus Choroid plexus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater 1 Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Interventricular foramen Third ventricle 3 Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF. 1 Median aperture 2 2 CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Central canal of spinal cord CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 3 (a) CSF circulation CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDMO4vYkqdg © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.25 Hydrocephalus in a newborn. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.26a Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view. Cervical spinal nerves Cervical enlargement Dura and arachnoid mater Thoracic spinal nerves Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Cauda equina Lumbar spinal nerves Filum terminale Sacral spinal nerves The spinal cord and its nerve roots, with the bony vertebral arches removed. The dura mater and arachnoid mater are cut open and reflected laterally. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.28a Anatomy of the spinal cord. Epidural space (contains fat) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Spinal meninges Subdural space Dura mater Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) Bone of vertebra Dorsal root ganglion Body of vertebra Cross section of spinal cord and vertebra © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12.28b Anatomy of the spinal cord. Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal funiculus Gray commissure Dorsal horn White columns Ventral funiculus Gray matter Ventral horn Lateral funiculus Lateral horn Dorsal root ganglion Spinal nerve Central canal Dorsal root (fans out into dorsal rootlets) Ventral median fissure Pia mater Ventral root (derived from several ventral rootlets) Arachnoid mater Spinal dura mater The spinal cord and its meningeal coverings © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.