Chapter 12 Therapies

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 The Nature of Therapy: Historical Viewpoint Trephining –chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape Exorcism –prayer, starvation, beatings, and various forms of torture to remove evil spirits

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 The Nature of Therapy: Current Practice Psychotherapy –reduce emotional problems and improve adjustment Insight therapy –encourages insight and awareness of oneself Action therapy –promotes direct changes in behavior

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Individual Therapies Psychodynamic Therapies –therapies that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive therapist interpretation, and the role of infant and early childhood experiences

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 Psychodynamic Therapies Psychoanalysis –analyzing an individual’s unconscious thought Free association –encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind Catharsis –client’s release of emotional tension

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Psychodynamic Therapies Dream analysis –Manifest content –Latent content Transference Resistance

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Humanistic Therapies Humanistic psychotherapies –therapies that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally –emphasize conscious thoughts rather than unconscious thoughts, the present rather than the past, and growth and fulfillment rather than curing illness

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Humanistic Therapies Person-centered therapy –genuineness –accurate empathy –active listening Gestalt therapy

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Behavior Therapies Behavior therapies –therapies that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior Classical conditioning approaches –systematic desensitization –aversive conditioning

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Behavior Therapies Operant conditioning approaches –token economy Cognitive behavior therapy –self-efficacy –self-instructional methods

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Cognitive Therapies Cognitive therapies –therapies that emphasize that an individual’s cognitions are the main source of abnormal behavior –attempt to change the individual’s feelings and behaviors by changing her or his cognitions

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Cognitive Therapies Rational-emotive therapy

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 Systems Interventions: Group therapies Family therapy couple therapy family systems therapy –validation –reframing –structural change –detriangulation

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 Systems Interventions: Group therapies Personal growth groups –encounter group Self-help groups –voluntary organizations of individuals who get together on a regular basis to discuss topics of common interest

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15 Systems Intervention: Community Psychology Deinstitutionalization –the movement to transfer the treatment of mental disabilities from inpatient medical institutions to community-based facilities that stress outpatient care

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 Systems Intervention: Community Psychology Primary prevention –effort to reduce the number of new cases of mental disorders Secondary prevention –screening for early detection of problems Tertiary prevention –effort to reduce the long-term effects of mental health disorders

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 Is Psychotherapy Effective? meta-analysis –a research strategy that involves statistically combining the results of many different studies Gender issues Ethnicity and socioeconomic status –improvements in therapy credibility giving

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 Biomedical Therapies Biomedical therapies –treatments to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering the way and individual’s body functions –drug therapy is the most common form

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 Drug Therapy Antianxiety drugs –reduce anxiety by making individuals less excitable and more tranquil –Xanax, Valium, Librium Antidepressant drugs –regulate mood –tricyclics (Elavil) –MAO inhibitors (Nardil) –SSRI inhibitors (Prozac)

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 Drug Therapy Lithium –widely used to treat bipolar disorder Antipsychotic drugs –diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations and delusions, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns –neuroleptics (Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol, Prolixin) –tardive dyskinesia

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 Other Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) –sometimes used to treat severely depressed individuals by causing brain seizures –“shock treatment” Psychosurgery –involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve psychological adjustment