1 More on Dependent Clauses (41 slides) There are three main types of dependent clauses:There are three main types of dependent clauses: –Adverb Clauses –Noun Clauses –Adjective Clauses Let’s look at these three types one by one.

2 Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is simply a clause that is used as an adverb.An adverb clause is simply a clause that is used as an adverb. Sentence with an ordinary adverb:Sentence with an ordinary adverb: –Larry finished his homework quickly. Sentence with an adverb clause:Sentence with an adverb clause: –Larry finished his homework although he was really sleepy.

3 Noun Clauses A noun clause is a clause that is used as a noun.A noun clause is a clause that is used as a noun. Sentence with an ordinary noun as the object:Sentence with an ordinary noun as the object: –Larry knows biology. Sentence with a noun clause as the object:Sentence with a noun clause as the object: –Larry knows that biology is difficult.

4 Adjective Clauses Adjective clauses are clauses that are used as adjectives.Adjective clauses are clauses that are used as adjectives. Sentence with an ordinary adjective:Sentence with an ordinary adjective: –Susan lives in a big house. Sentence with an adjective clause:Sentence with an adjective clause: –Susan lives in a house that has 20 rooms.

5 Adverb clauses are usually introduced by although, because, if, when, unless, that etc.Adverb clauses are usually introduced by although, because, if, when, unless, that etc. Noun clauses are usually introduced by that.Noun clauses are usually introduced by that. Adjective clauses are usually introduced by that, which, who, whom, whose.Adjective clauses are usually introduced by that, which, who, whom, whose.

6 Be careful with that. That can be a troublemaker because it can be used in ALL THREE types of subordinate clauses. Here are some examples:

7 That introducing an adverb clause I’m sorry that you don’t like my Hello-Kitty tattoo. “Sorry” is an adjective. “That you don’t like my Hello-Kitty tattoo” modifies “sorry.” Therefore, “that…tattoo” is an adverb clause.

8 That introducing a noun clause She said that she loved me. (But I knew that she was lying.)

9 That introducing an adjective clause The dress that Larry was wearing didn’t fit him very well.

10 With adjective clauses, commas can be tricky. We have to decide if the adjective clause is necessary for the understanding of the sentence (restrictive), or if the adjective clause only adds “by the way” information (nonrestrictive).

11 Adjective Clauses and Commas Consider these two sentences:Consider these two sentences: –The man is a doctor. –The man is sitting in the chair. Change the second “the man” to who:Change the second “the man” to who: –The man is a doctor. –Who is sitting in the chair. Combine the two sentences:Combine the two sentences: –The man who is sitting in the chair is a doctor.

12 Adjective Clauses and Commas This sentence contains two clauses:This sentence contains two clauses: –The man who is sitting in the chair is a doctor. The man is a doctor is the main clause.The man is a doctor is the main clause. who is sitting in the chair is an adjective clause.who is sitting in the chair is an adjective clause. Who is sitting in the chair describes or identifies the man.Who is sitting in the chair describes or identifies the man.

13 Adjective Clauses and Commas Consider:Consider: –Men are happy. –Men love their jobs. –Men who love their jobs are happy. –Men wear neckties. –Men are physically stronger than women. –Men, who are physically stronger than women, wear neckties.

14 Adjective Clauses and Commas This sentence has no commas:This sentence has no commas: –Men who love their jobs are happy. This sentence has commas:This sentence has commas: –Men, who are physically stronger than women, wear neckties. Why the difference?

15 Adjective Clauses and Commas In Men who love their jobs are happy, the clause who love their jobs identifies which men.In Men who love their jobs are happy, the clause who love their jobs identifies which men. It tells us exactly which men.It tells us exactly which men. Without the clause, we don’t know which men we are talking about, and the sentence doesn’t make much sense:Without the clause, we don’t know which men we are talking about, and the sentence doesn’t make much sense: Men are happy. (This sentence is grammatically correct, but the meaning or purpose is strange.)Men are happy. (This sentence is grammatically correct, but the meaning or purpose is strange.)

16 Adjective Clauses and Commas In the sentence— Men, who are physically stronger than women, wear neckties. the clause who are physically stronger than women does NOT identify which men; it only gives additional information. The information in the clause is interesting and useful, but it is NOT NECESSARY to understand the sentence.

17 Adjective Clauses and Commas Consider:Consider: –Men who love their jobs are happy. –Men, who are stronger than women, wear neckties. –The clause who love their jobs identifies men. The clause is necessary. The clause has no commas. The clause is restrictive.

18 Adjective Clauses and Commas Consider:Consider: –Men who love their jobs are happy. –Men, who are stronger than women, wear neckties. –The clause who are stronger than women does NOT identify men. The clause is interesting, but NOT necessary. The clause has commas. The clause is non-restrictive.

19 Adjective Clauses and Commas Restrictive adjective clauses are necessary to the understanding of the sentence.Restrictive adjective clauses are necessary to the understanding of the sentence. Restrictive adjective clauses appear with NO commas.Restrictive adjective clauses appear with NO commas. Non-restrictive adjective clauses are NOT necessary to the understanding of the sentence.Non-restrictive adjective clauses are NOT necessary to the understanding of the sentence. Non-restrictive adjective clauses appear with commas.Non-restrictive adjective clauses appear with commas.

20 Adjective Clauses and Commas Restrictive clauses are necessary to the understanding of the sentence.Restrictive clauses are necessary to the understanding of the sentence. Non-restrictive clauses are NOT necessary to the understanding of the sentence. The information that they provide is just “extra,” or “by the way.”Non-restrictive clauses are NOT necessary to the understanding of the sentence. The information that they provide is just “extra,” or “by the way.”

21 Textbook References Focus on Grammar 4, Third Edition, Units 13 and 14, pp , Focus on Grammar 4, Third Edition, Units 13 and 14, pp , Introduction to Academic Writing 3,Third Edition, Chapter 8, pp Introduction to Academic Writing 3,Third Edition, Chapter 8, pp

22 Some additional examples Comma or no comma?Comma or no comma? Women who are usually smaller than men have the major responsibility of raising children.Women who are usually smaller than men have the major responsibility of raising children. Non-restrictive. Yes, comma.Non-restrictive. Yes, comma. Women, who are usually smaller than men, have the major responsibility of raising children.Women, who are usually smaller than men, have the major responsibility of raising children.

23 Comma or no comma?Comma or no comma? Women who lack knowledge should be paid less than highly-trained men.Women who lack knowledge should be paid less than highly-trained men. Restrictive. No comma.Restrictive. No comma. Women who lack knowledge should be paid less than highly-trained men.Women who lack knowledge should be paid less than highly-trained men.

24 Comma or no comma?Comma or no comma? People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. Restrictive. No comma.Restrictive. No comma. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

25 Comma or no comma?Comma or no comma? People who walk on two legs wear gloves more often than horses do.People who walk on two legs wear gloves more often than horses do. Non-restrictive. Yes, comma.Non-restrictive. Yes, comma. People, who walk on two legs, wear gloves more often than horses do.People, who walk on two legs, wear gloves more often than horses do.

26 Some sentences for review For each sentence, decide whether commas are necessary. (15 sentences) Some sentences for review For each sentence, decide whether commas are necessary. (15 sentences)

27 1. Women who are usually smaller than men have the major responsibility of raising children. Women, who are usually smaller than men, have the major responsibility of raising children.

28 2. Women who lack knowledge should be paid less than highly- trained men. Correct

29 3. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 3. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. Correct

30 5. Men who are guilty of being insensitive to women should be punished. 5. Men who are guilty of being insensitive to women should be punished. Correct

31 6. Rules which prohibit tattoos should be eliminated. 6. Rules which prohibit tattoos should be eliminated. Correct (Some writers would say that which should be changed to that.)

32 7. Honor code rules which every student should follow are included in the handbook. 7. Honor code rules which every student should follow are included in the handbook. Honor code rules, which every student should follow, are included in the handbook.

33 8. Church leaders who do not have testimonies should not be allowed to represent the Church. 8. Church leaders who do not have testimonies should not be allowed to represent the Church. Correct (Adding commas makes a very scary sentence indeed.)

34 9. The boys who stole my car were later arrested. 9. The boys who stole my car were later arrested. Correct

The problem that I faced soon disappeared. Correct

A credit card which no one should be without is easy to get. A credit card, which no one should be without, is easy to get.

A credit card which has no signature on the back will not be accepted. Correct (...but probably better with that.)

The man to whom the letter was sent was not in his office. Correct

Dr. Johnson to whom the letter was sent was not in his office. Dr. Johnson, to whom the letter was sent, was not in his office.

My sister who has no sisters decided to get married. My sister, who has no sisters, decided to get married. (Think about it.)

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