Considerations for making Product-Process Tradeoffs Product Appearance, offering, purchase price, etc. Process Procurement availability, ease of installation, etc. TIC = Total Installed Cost O&M Operating cost (e.g., California Energy Crisis) Replacement labor Decommissioning Owner values  What are yours?

Light Bulbs Incandescent light bulb Compact fluorescent lamp From visited 8/24/01www.bulbs.com

Planning for Failure Product Design Design parts to fail simultaneously Merge bias effect Process Design Preventive maintenance  Maintenance experts available  Avoid task interruption Schedule downtime Limit inventory of spare parts

Rated Lamp Life [Tao and Janis 2001 p. 436] Rated lamp life is the time elapsed when 50% of a group of lamps remain burning.  but what is the standard deviation?

Greater Reliability

System Performance Product with 3 Components Component A Component B Component C What is the likelihood of system failure at 10,500 hours?

Component Failure

Merge Bias Assume you and a friend rendez-vous to go to a performance, which starts at 8 PM. You will wait for each other before entering. Each lives about 15 minutes walking distance from the theatre. Assuming each leaves home at 7:45 PM, will you be able to go in at 8? What is the likelihood?

Merge Bias

total area under the curve = 1 area to the left of the mean = PM

Normal Distribution Mean Mode Median Standard Deviation

Normal Distribution [Harris 1978]

Different m, Same  [Harris 1978]

Same m, different  [Harris 1978]

Building Development vs. Technological Innovation  Structural steel  Taller buildings  Elevators  Increased floor plan  Offices further from natural light  Central core has no natural ventilation/cooling  Air conditioning  Additional lighting  More heat  Fluorescent light  Lower heat generation  Lower power consumption

Range of M/E Floor Area Required for Buildings [excerpt from Tao and Janis 2001 Table 1-1] Percent of Gross Building Area Type of Occupancy LowMediumHigh Computer Center Hospital Office 246 Residential single-occup. 123 Residential high-rise 135 University or College 468

Range of M/E Systems Costs of Buildings [excerpt from Tao and Janis 2001 Table 1-2] Percent of Total Building Cost Type of Occupancy LowMediumHigh Computer Center Hospital (clinical) Office (general) Residential single-occup Residential high-rise University or College

Building Systems Load Temperature Light Air Water Fire Circulation Communication