DEVIANCE & SOCIAL CONTROL

 Social norms: standards or expectations of appropriate behavior for members of a given culture or subculture  Deviance is a violation of social norms DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL

 Deviance includes not only criminal behavior but also many actions not subject to prosecution  Standards of deviance vary from one group (or subculture) to another, and change over time DEVIANCE INVOLVES THE VIOLATION OF GROUP NORMS, WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT BE FORMALIZED INTO LAW

 Structural theories (aka Functionalist perspective, pp )  emphasize the relationship of deviance to certain structural conditions within a society  focus on epidemiology, or the distribution of deviance in time and place  are considered general theories  e.g., Anomie theory and conflict theories  Process theories (aka Interactionist perspective)  describe the processes by which individuals come to commit deviant acts  focus on etiology, or the origins and development of deviance  E.g., Labeling theory, control theory, and learning or socialization theories THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANCE

 Social control refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior  Operate on both group level and societal level  Conformity: going along with peers, or individuals of our own status  Obedience: compliance with higher authorities SOCIAL CONTROL

 Informal: gossip, gestures, physical methods (e.g., corporal punishment)  Formal: carried out by authorized agents such as police officers physicians, school administrators, employers, military officers, etc. INFORMAL AND FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL

 Explains why we do not behave in deviant ways  When we feel a part of, or bonded with, society, the more our behavior is controlled, preventing deviance, e.g.,  Attachments  Commitments  Involvements  Beliefs CONTROL THEORY

 Democratic coalition counties  Industrial Metropolis (Philadelphia, PA)  College and Careers (Johnson County, IA)  Monied Burbs (Fairfax County, VA)  Competitive counties  Minority Central (Wilson, NC)  Immigration Nation (Maricopa, AZ)  Military Bastions (Norfolk, VA)  Service Worker Stations (Richland, OH)  Republican coalition counties  Empty Nests (Lake, FL)  Boom Towns (Clark, NV)  Evangelical Epicenters (Christian, MO)  Tractor Country (Sioux, IA)  Mormon Outposts (Cassia, ID) PATCHWORK NATION’S TYPES BREAKDOWN AS FOLLOWS