Peace, Prosperity, & Depression

1920’s Scientific & Cultural Movements

Discovery of Radioactivity

Marie Curie 1867 – – 1934 Polish / French Polish / French Won 2 Nobel Prizes Won 2 Nobel Prizes 1 st Female Professor 1 st Female Professor Discovered 2 new elements (radium & polonium) Discovered 2 new elements (radium & polonium) Died from radiation poisoning Died from radiation poisoning

Theory of Relativity

Albert Einstein 1879 – – 1955 German / American German / American Non-practicing Jew who left Germany for the U.S. after Hitler took power Non-practicing Jew who left Germany for the U.S. after Hitler took power Theories helped develop the atomic bomb Theories helped develop the atomic bomb Nobel Prize winner Nobel Prize winner Renowned humanist & member of the NAACP Renowned humanist & member of the NAACP

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud 1856 – – 1939 Austrian Austrian Developed the “talking therapy” Developed the “talking therapy” Believed that all human motivation was driven by sexual desires Believed that all human motivation was driven by sexual desires Developed idea of ego & id Developed idea of ego & id Habitual cigar smoker and cocaine user Habitual cigar smoker and cocaine user Committed suicide (dying of oral cancer) by morphine overdose Committed suicide (dying of oral cancer) by morphine overdose

Cubism: art made up of broken angles and planes

Pablo Picasso 1881 – – 1973 Spanish Spanish Extremely successful during his own lifetime Extremely successful during his own lifetime Ladies man who stayed very active even into his 80s Ladies man who stayed very active even into his 80s Reportedly abusive – several of his mistresses committed suicide after being dumped Reportedly abusive – several of his mistresses committed suicide after being dumped

Abstract Art: art made up of lines, colors, & shapes with no recognizable subject

Paul Klee 1879 – – 1940 Swiss Swiss Experimented with many different forms of art, including music Experimented with many different forms of art, including music Deeply affected by the death of many of his friends in WWI Deeply affected by the death of many of his friends in WWI Forced out of Germany by the Nazis, moved back to Switzerland Forced out of Germany by the Nazis, moved back to Switzerland

Dadaism: art “without discipline or morality”

Hans Arp 1886 – – 1966 French-German French-German Born in territory disputed by France & Germany Born in territory disputed by France & Germany Faked insanity to avoid serving in the German army in WWI Faked insanity to avoid serving in the German army in WWI Fled to Switzerland during WWII Fled to Switzerland during WWII

Surrealism: art that attempt to portray the workings of the unconscious mind

Salvador Dali 1904 – – 1989 Spanish noble Spanish noble Eccentric, liked attention Eccentric, liked attention Kicked out of art school Kicked out of art school Had a famous falling out with his father over his art Had a famous falling out with his father over his art Too many weird stories to fit here! Too many weird stories to fit here!

Bauhaus Architecture

Frank Lloyd Wright 1867 – – 1959 American architect American architect Also designed furniture, stained glass Also designed furniture, stained glass Abandoned his family for a married woman, but one of his servant then murdered his mistress (& 6 others) with an axe and burned Wright’s home Abandoned his family for a married woman, but one of his servant then murdered his mistress (& 6 others) with an axe and burned Wright’s home Designed over 500 buildings Designed over 500 buildings

Erich Maria Remarque 1898 – – 1970 German, served in WWI German, served in WWI All Quiet on the Western Front (1929) All Quiet on the Western Front (1929) Eventually moved to U.S. in 1930s after Nazis banned his work Eventually moved to U.S. in 1930s after Nazis banned his work His sister was executed by the Nazis just for being related to him His sister was executed by the Nazis just for being related to him

T.S. Eliot 1888 – – 1965 American who emigrated to Britain at age 25 American who emigrated to Britain at age 25 Poet, playwright, author Poet, playwright, author The Waste Land, Murder in the Cathedral, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The Waste Land, Murder in the Cathedral, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Nobel Prize winner Nobel Prize winner

Ernest Hemingway 1899 – – 1961 American American Wounded in WWI Wounded in WWI A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea Avid outdoorsman, war- correspondent, adventurer Avid outdoorsman, war- correspondent, adventurer Frequently injured Frequently injured Suffered from depression and received electroshock therapy which led to his eventual mental breakdown and suicide Suffered from depression and received electroshock therapy which led to his eventual mental breakdown and suicide

F. Scott Fitzgerald 1896 – – 1940 American American Lived the chaotic lifestyle of “The Lost Generation” - drank heavily, spent heavily, and died young Lived the chaotic lifestyle of “The Lost Generation” - drank heavily, spent heavily, and died young The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby

Car culture

Radio

Movies

Charlie Chaplin 1889 – – 1977 English English Co-founded United Artists Studios Co-founded United Artists Studios One of the most successful actors of all time One of the most successful actors of all time Later accused of being a communist and banned from entering the U.S. in 1952 Later accused of being a communist and banned from entering the U.S. in 1952 Allowed to return in 1972 to receive an Oscar Allowed to return in 1972 to receive an Oscar Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1975 Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1975 After death, his body was stolen and held for ransom After death, his body was stolen and held for ransom

Mickey Mouse November 18, 1928 November 18, 1928

The Wizard of Oz

Gone with the Wind

The Jazz Age & Harlem Renaissance

Louis Armstrong 1901 – – 1971 American American “Satchmo” & “Pops” “Satchmo” & “Pops” Jazz trumpeter and singer Jazz trumpeter and singer First recorded in 1923 First recorded in 1923 Later a big financial supporter of MLK and outspoken critic of segregation Later a big financial supporter of MLK and outspoken critic of segregation Last hit record was in 1968 Last hit record was in 1968

Charlie Poole 1892 – – 1931 American (NC) American (NC) Considered to be one of the founding fathers of bluegrass and country music Considered to be one of the founding fathers of bluegrass and country music First recorded in 1925 First recorded in 1925 Died of alcohol poisoning in 1931 Died of alcohol poisoning in 1931

“Flappers”

Young women in the 1920s who defied Victorian morality by having short “bobbed” hair, wearing short skirts, and by drinking, smoking, & dating

U.S. limits immigration Eliminated all immigration from China & Japan Eliminated all immigration from China & Japan Strictly limited immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe Strictly limited immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe Begins to move away from being a “melting pot” Begins to move away from being a “melting pot”

Due to fears about the spread of communism

“Red Scare” of 1920

The United States Became the world’s top economic power after WWI Became the world’s top economic power after WWI German & British economies had been wrecked by WWI German & British economies had been wrecked by WWI The world economy became completely tied to the American economy The world economy became completely tied to the American economy

Economic Imbalances Industrialized nations producing more than there was a market for Industrialized nations producing more than there was a market for Demand for raw materials dropped after the war, hurting non- industrialized nations and farmers Demand for raw materials dropped after the war, hurting non- industrialized nations and farmers Factory workers won higher pay, causing the price of manufactured goods to rise Factory workers won higher pay, causing the price of manufactured goods to rise

Margin Buying Investors borrowed money from banks to buy stocks Investors borrowed money from banks to buy stocks In 1929 nervous banks began to call in their loans In 1929 nervous banks began to call in their loans Investors forced to sell off stocks to repay loans Investors forced to sell off stocks to repay loans Price of stocks plummeted due to sell-offs, meaning investors could not sell them for what they owed the banks Price of stocks plummeted due to sell-offs, meaning investors could not sell them for what they owed the banks Investors defaulted on loans Investors defaulted on loans Banks collapsed Banks collapsed “Regular” folks who had put their money into banks for safe-keeping lost all of their savings when the banks failed “Regular” folks who had put their money into banks for safe-keeping lost all of their savings when the banks failed No banks = no loans for businesses = loss of jobs No banks = no loans for businesses = loss of jobs

“Black Tuesday” October 29, 1929 October 29, 1929

The Great Depression 1929 – – 1941 Worldwide economic collapse after the failure of the American stock market Worldwide economic collapse after the failure of the American stock market

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

The “New Deal”

The New Deal’s programs: Beginnings of the US as a “social welfare” state, where the government assumes responsibility for caring for the poor and needy Government begins to insure banks (FDIC) Government begins to provide for the elderly (Social Security) Government began massive public works projects to create jobs “Alphabet” agencies