Regents Biology Lipids: Fats & Oils

Regents Biology Lipids Concentrated energy molecules

Regents Biology Lipids  Examples  fats  oils  waxes  hormones  sex hormones  testosterone (male)  estrogen (female)

Regents Biology Lipids  Function:  Long term energy storage  very concentrated  twice the energy as carbohydrates!  cell membrane  cushions organs  insulates body  think whale blubber!

Regents Biology Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

Regents Biology 1) List 3 foods that contain mostly lipids 2) List 3 ways that living creatures use lipids 3) List 3 examples of lipids in living organisms

Regents Biology Saturated fats  Most animal fats  solid at room temperature  Limit the amount in your diet  contributes to heart disease  deposits in arteries

Regents Biology Unsaturated fats  Plant, vegetable & fish fats  liquid at room temperature  the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together  Better choice in your diet

Regents Biology Saturated vs. unsaturated saturatedunsaturated

Regents Biology Other lipids in biology  Cholesterol  good molecule in cell membranes  make hormones from it  including sex hormones  but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease

Regents Biology Other lipids in biology  Cell membranes are made out of lipids  phospholipids  heads are on the outside touching water  “like” water  tails are on inside away from water  “scared” of water  forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

Regents Biology 1) What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated lipid? 2) Cholesterol is considered both a good and a bad molecule to have in your body… why? 3) What structure in living organisms is made of phospholipids?

Regents Biology Let’s build some Lipids!

Regents Biology Nucleic acids: Information molecules

Regents Biology Nucleic Acids Examples  DNA  DeoxyriboNucleic Acid  RNA  RiboNucleic Acid RNA

Regents Biology DNA Nucleic Acids  Function:  genetic material  stores information  genes  blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins  transfers information  blueprint for new cells  blueprint for next generation proteins

Regents Biology A A A A T C G C G T G C T Genes (DNA) are needed to run bodies every day … to make you and me … to make new cells … to make babies!

Regents Biology Nucleic acids  Building block = nucleotides  5 different nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  A, T, C, G, U nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide phosphate sugar N base Nitrogen bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

Regents Biology 1) What are the functions of a nucleic acid in living organisms? 2) What is the monomer for NA? 3) Draw and label a monomer of a nucleic acid.

Regents Biology Nucleotide chains  Nucleic acids  nucleotides chained into a polymer  DNA  double-sided  double helix  A, C, G, T  RNA  single-sided  A, C, G, U phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base phosphate sugar N base strong bonds RNA

Regents Biology DNA  Double strand twists into a double helix  weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands  A pairs with T  A :: T  C pairs with G  C :: G  the two strands can separate when our cells need to make copies of it weak bonds

Regents Biology Copying DNA  Replication  copy DNA  2 strands of DNA helix are complementary  they are matching  have one, can build other  have one, can rebuild the whole

Regents Biology Watson and Crick … and others… 1953 | 1962

Regents Biology 1) How are the bonds different that hold together the sides of the double helix and the bonds that hold together the middle of the double helix? 1) What are the two types of nucleic acids? What is different about the shape of each?