Shot-profile migration of GPR data Jeff Shragge, James Irving, and Brad Artman Geophysics Department Stanford University.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
The Asymptotic Ray Theory
Advertisements

Illumination, resolution, and incidence-angle in PSDM: A tutorial
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)
Seismic Reflection Ground Roll Filtering Ted Bertrand SAGE 2004.
Multiple Removal with Local Plane Waves
Introduction to GeoProbe
Differential Semblance Optimization for Common Azimuth Migration
GG450 April 22, 2008 Seismic Processing.
electromagnetic method
1 Xuyao Zheng Institute of Geophysics of CEA. 2 Outline 1.Motivation 2.Model and synthetic data 3.Calculation of Green functions 4.Pre-stack depth migration.
I. Basic Techniques in Structural Geology
Riemannian Wavefield Migration: Wave-equation migration from Topography Jeff Shragge, Guojian Shan, Biondo Biondi Stanford.
Seismic Reflection Processing/Velocity Analysis of SAGE 2007 Data Andrew Steen Team Members; Stan, Tim, Josh, Andrew.
Reverse-Time Migration
Wave-equation migration velocity analysis beyond the Born approximation Paul Sava* Stanford University Sergey Fomel UT Austin (UC.
Paul Sava* Stanford University Sergey Fomel UT Austin (UC Berkeley) Angle-domain common-image gathers.
Wave-Equation Interferometric Migration of VSP Data Ruiqing He Dept. of Geology & Geophysics University of Utah.
SOES6004 Data acquisition and geometry
Occurs when wave encounters sharp discontinuities in the medium important in defining faults generally considered as noise in seismic sections seismic.
Wave-equation MVA by inversion of differential image perturbations Paul Sava & Biondo Biondi Stanford University SEP.
Wave-equation migration velocity analysis Paul Sava* Stanford University Biondo Biondi Stanford University Sergey Fomel UT Austin.
Prestack Stolt residual migration Paul Sava* Stanford University Biondo Biondi Stanford University.
Analytical image perturbations for wave-equation migration velocity analysis Paul Sava & Biondo Biondi Stanford University.
Amplitude-preserving wave-equation migration Paul Sava* Stanford University Biondo Biondi Stanford University.
Applications of Time-Domain Multiscale Waveform Tomography to Marine and Land Data C. Boonyasiriwat 1, J. Sheng 3, P. Valasek 2, P. Routh 2, B. Macy 2,
GG 450 April 16, 2008 Seismic Reflection 1.
Wave-equation imaging Paul Sava Stanford University.
Wave-equation migration velocity analysis Paul Sava* Stanford University Biondo Biondi Stanford University.
Copyright © Optim Inc. and University of Nevada John N. Louie University of Nevada, Reno Satish Pullammanappallil Bill Honjas Optim Inc.
Raanan Dafni,  Dual BSc in Geophysics and Chemistry (Tel-Aviv University).  PhD in Geophysics (Tel-Aviv University).  Paradigm Geophysics R&D ( ).
Seismic reflection Ali K. Abdel-Fattah Geology Dept.,
3D Wave-equation Interferometric Migration of VSP Free-surface Multiples Ruiqing He University of Utah Feb., 2006.
Geology 5660/6660 Applied Geophysics 26 Feb 2014 © A.R. Lowry 2014 For Fri 28 Feb: Burger (§8.4–8.5) Last Time: Industry Seismic Interpretation.
Geology 5660/6660 Applied Geophysics 18 Feb 2014 © A.R. Lowry 2014 For Wed 20 Feb: Burger (§ ) Last Time: Reflection Data Processing Step.
SOES6002: Modelling in Environmental and Earth System Science CSEM Lecture 1 Martin Sinha School of Ocean & Earth Science University of Southampton.
1 Riemannian Wavefield Migration: Imaging non-conventional wavepaths and geometries Jeff Shragge Geophysics Department University.
© 2013, PARADIGM. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Long Offset Moveout Approximation in Layered Elastic Orthorhombic Media Zvi Koren and Igor Ravve.
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II tom.h.wilson Department of Geology.
Geology 5660/6660 Applied Geophysics 28 Feb 2014 © A.R. Lowry 2014 Last Time: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Radar = electromagnetic radiation (light)
Migration In a Nutshell Migration In a Nutshell Migration In a Nutshell D.S. Macpherson.
Seismic Imaging in GLOBE Claritas
Wave-equation migration Wave-equation migration of reflection seismic data to produce images of the subsurface entails four basic operations: Summation.
Brad Artman 1, Deyan Draganov 2, Kees Wapenaar 2, Biondo Biondi 1 1 Stanford Exploration Project, Geophysics, Stanford University, 94305, USA 2 Department.
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II tom.h.wilson Department of Geology.
EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS. EARTH MODEL NORMAL-INCIDENCE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS WHERE:  1 = DENSITY OF LAYER 1 V 1 = VELOCITY OF LAYER.
Wave-equation migration velocity analysis Biondo Biondi Stanford Exploration Project Stanford University Paul Sava.
Reflection seismograms
Wave-Equation Waveform Inversion for Crosswell Data M. Zhou and Yue Wang Geology and Geophysics Department University of Utah.
1 Prestack migrations to inversion John C. Bancroft CREWES 20 November 2001.
Geology 5660/6660 Applied Geophysics 29 Feb 2016 © A.R. Lowry 2016 Last Time: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Radar = electromagnetic radiation (light)
Geology 5660/6660 Applied Geophysics 12 Feb 2016
Geology 5660/6660 Applied Geophysics 26 Feb 2016 © A.R. Lowry 2016 For Mon 29 Feb: Burger (§8.4) Last Time: Industry Seismic Interpretation Seismic.
Raanan Dafni,  PhD in Geophysics (Tel-Aviv University)  Paradigm R&D ( )  Post-Doc (Rice University) Current Interest: “Wave-equation based.
Microtremor method Saibi. Dec, 18, 2014.
Lee M. Liberty Research Professor Boise State University.
Efficient modeling and imaging of pegleg multiples Morgan Brown and Antoine Guitton Stanford University, Department of Geophysics Multiples can be bad…
I. Basic Techniques in Structural Geology Field measurements and mapping Terminology on folds and folds Stereographic projections From maps to cross-sections.
Fang Liu and Arthur Weglein Houston, Texas May 12th, 2006
GPR Simulations for pipeline oil drainage
I. Basic Techniques in Structural Geology
Ground Penetrating Radar using Electromagnetic Models
Applied Geophysics Fall 2016 Umass Lowell
SEISMIC DATA GATHERING.
Passive Seismic Imaging
Wave equation migration of VSP data
The radar band is loosely taken to extend from approximately 0
Multiple attenuation in the image space
Prestack Depth Migration in a Viscoacoustic Medium
EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS
Presentation transcript:

Shot-profile migration of GPR data Jeff Shragge, James Irving, and Brad Artman Geophysics Department Stanford University

Seismic vs. GPR Data Seismic Elastic waves Multi-offset data Redundancy –multiple offsets Localized source GPR EM waves Single- or Multi-offset data Redundancy –repeated acquisition Localized source GPR Seismic

Seismic vs. GPR Data Common goal: Best possible image of subsurface reflectivity GPR Seismic Our aim: Transfer recent advances in multi- offset seismic migration techniques to GPR

Agenda Rationale –Multi-offset, prestack, wave-equation imaging Imaging assumptions Methodology –Wavefield extrapolation –Shot-profile migration –Imaging condition –Angle-domain gathers Field data example

Agenda Rationale –Multi-offset, prestack, wave-equation imaging Imaging assumptions Methodology –Wavefield extrapolation –Shot-profile migration –Imaging condition –Angle-domain gathers Field data example

Acquisition: Why Multi-offset? Vast majority of GPR work involves constant offset data –collection, processing, interpretation Multi-offset systems are increasingly available Pros Improved: –velocity estimation, reflector imaging, S/N ratio Affords better subsurface characterization –AVO/AVA studies, facies and property estimates

Acquisition: Why Multi-offset? Vast majority of GPR work involves constant offset data –collection, processing, interpretation Multi-offset systems are increasingly available Cons More labor intensive –Improving with new technology More computationally intensive

Processing: Why pre-stack wave-equation? Pre-stack imaging is more robust –Post-stack migration assumes that NMO-transformed traces are a good approximation of the zero-offset trace –Significant lateral velocity variation breaks NMO approximation –Maintain angular information for AVA studies Wave-equation migration is more accurate –No high-frequency approximation Wave-based not ray-based –Accurate over full range of frequencies –Naturally handle multipathing (unlike Kirchhoff migration)

Agenda Rationale –Multi-offset, prestack, wave-equation imaging Imaging assumptions Methodology –Wavefield extrapolation –Shot-profile migration –Imaging condition –Angle-domain gathers Field data example

Imaging Assumptions t x TxRx Maxwell’s equations represented by 2-D scalar wave equation Assumptions –Geology is 2-D

Imaging Assumptions t x TxRx Maxwell’s equations represented by 2-D scalar wave equation Assumptions –Geology is 2-D and data is collected perpendicular to strike (TE mode)

Imaging Assumptions t x TxRx Maxwell’s equations represented by 2-D scalar wave equation Assumptions –Geology is 2-D and data is collected perpendicular to strike (TE mode) –Heterogeneities in earth are small such that gradients in EM constitutive parameters are negligible –Isotropic scattering, no antenna radiation patterns

Governing Equations Governing 2-D scalar wave-equation in frequency (ω) domain E = Electric field (component) v(x,z) = wavespeed ε= dielectric permittivityμ=magnetic permeability σ = conductivityc=speed of light i= sqrt(-1)

Agenda Rationale –Multi-offset, prestack, wave-equation imaging Imaging assumptions Methodology –Wavefield extrapolation –Shot-profile migration –Imaging condition –Angle-domain gathers Field data example

Wavefield Extrapolation Want solution to Helmholtz equation given boundary condition E(x,t,z=0) Wave-equation dispersion relation Wavefield propagates by advection - with solution

Shot-profile Migration Directly mimics the experiment by migrating the shot-record Define source and receiver wavefields Source wavefield – S s (x,t,z=0) –Idealized point source at Tx location –Propagated causally: exp(ik z Δz) –Subscript s is the Shot-profile index Receiver wavefield - R s (x,t,z=0) –Rx multi-offset data from point source at Tx location –Propagated acausally: exp(-ik z Δz) –Subscript s is the Shot-profile index

At Z=0 Shot-profile Migration Seed source and receiver wavefields x t t x Source Receiver

Shot-profile Migration Seed source and receiver wavefields Propagate S and R to all depths using wavefield extrapolation At Z=nΔZ x t t x Source Receiver

Shot-profile Migration Correlate S s and R s using imaging condition Repeat for all shot profiles and sum

Angle-domain Gathers Compute image domain equivalent of offset: h Have to use more advanced imaging condition Reflectivity at opening angle γ computed after imaging k h = offset wavenumberk z = vertical wavenumber Velocity Analysis: angle gathers are flat for correct velocity

Agenda Rationale –Multi-offset, prestack, wave-equation imaging Imaging assumptions Methodology –Wavefield extrapolation –Shot-profile migration –Imaging condition –Angle-domain gathers Field data example

Field Data Example 2-D multi-offset GPR data set - Vancouver, BC, Canada Geology –Sand and gravel glacial outwash deposit –Underlain by conductive marine clay with topographically varying surface Data Acquisition –PulseEkko 100 GPR system –100 MHz antennas oriented perpendicular to survey line –30 receivers/shot gather: 0.5m-15m at 0.5m intervals –200 shot gathers at 0.5m shot spacing

Unmigrated near-offset section Top of Clay? Diffractions Velocity model generated using semblance analysis on CMP gathers RMS velocity picks converted into an interval velocity function Water table ~ 4.5 meters Layering?

Migrated near-offset section

Unmigrated near-offset section

Migrated near-offset section Top of Clay Reflector Continuity Collapsed Hyperbolas Clearer image after hyperbola collapse More laterally continuous reflectors Top of clay readily identifiable On-lap reflectors in sand/gravel layer visible On-lap reflectors

Flat Angle Gathers

Extensions Antenna radiation patterns –Flexibility of Shot-profile allows for radiation patterns to be modeled into wavefields Non-acoustic propagation –Wavefield extrapolation does not require acoustic propagation; apply more physical operators Anisotropic scattering –Angle gathers preserve the reflection angle information –Compensate with anisotropic scattering angle filters

Conclusions Prestack wave-equation methods can be extended to GPR data Shot-profile migration is flexible –Incorporate radiation patterns in source and receiver wavefields –Incorporate more realistic scattering physics into imaging condition

Acknowledgements Rosemary Knight –Stanford Environmental Geophysics Biondo Biondi –Stanford Exploration Project