French Rev & Napoleon

coup d’etat In 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d’etat (overthrow) of the republic & had himself named dictator Napoleon’s control of France was supposed to be a short-term fix to restore order, BUT…

Napoleon Controlled France emperor Desperate for strong leadership, French citizens allowed Napoleon to have as much power as he wanted, so he made himself emperor in 1804 The philosophes of the Enlightenment were outraged (this is absolutism!); but the people supported Napoleon

By 1810, Napoleon had created the largest European empire since the Romans!

End of Napoleon’s Empire By 1812, the only countries Napoleon did not control were England, Sweden & Russia When Russia violated the Continental System & bought grain from England, Napoleon attacked

Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia Napoleon arrived in Russia with 614,000 French troops but returned with only 40,000

End of Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon was exiled to Elba (an island near Italy); France brought back the Bourbon king Louis XVIII But…Napoleon returned & created a new army to lead France; BUT…

End of Napoleon’s Empire The Sixth Coalition of European powers defeated him at Waterloo in 1815 & ended Napoleon’s reign Napoleon was exiled to the South Atlantic where he died in 1821 (of stomach cancer or poison?)

Imperialism

—the Age of Imperialism Imperialism—one country’s domination over another country to control all aspects of life (political, economic, social); forming an Empire 3 reasons for Imperialism: –CC—Competing Countries –M&M—Markets & Materials –R&R—Religion & Racism

World War I

The Powder Keg in the Balkans By 1914, Europe was in bad situation: countries had large armies & felt glory cold be gained by winning war (militarism), were competitive after years of imperialism & rise of nationalism, had large alliances that might pull all countries into war After years of fighting for new territory, great tension in Balkans

The War Begins June 28, 1914—Assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand (& wife Sophie) ultimatum OR July 23, Austria-Hungary issued ultimatum to Serbia: allow Austria- Hungarian officials to investigate the assassination OR go to war

Weapons of the Great War Trench warfare Trench warfare—ditches build to offer protection from enemy New weapons: Machine guns, flame throwers, tanks, airplanes, blimps, barbed wire, poison gas, heavy artillery, submarines (u-boats)