Sustainable intensification of crop-livestock systems in the Ethiopian highlands ILRI, Addis Ababa, 30 January-2 February 2012

Data availability: Ethiopia HICE (1992, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2010) WMS (1997, 2009) Census (1984, 1994, 2007) DHS (2000, 2005) Annual Agricultural Sample Survey (1989-…) Agricultural Sample Enumeration (2001/2) …?

Indices Normalized indices (0,1) with weights based on the first principal component, the linear combination capturing the greatest variation among the set of variables: Intensification index (INT)-> head’s education, quantity of ino. fertilizer/land size, hh grows in belg season, use of irrigation, use of improved seeds, # of large TLU (cattle, asses, mules), ([crop] is grown) Sustainability index-> degradation, land and water availability/variability, erosion, SLM practices, NRM,… -> Currently we don’t have a SI index

What are we missing? Intensification index (INT)-> labor inputs, mechanization, pesticides, herbicides, soil quality, AEZ, quantity of utilized fertilizers/land size, # of TLU/land size, yield? productivity? (depending on the intensification definition) Sustainability index->diversity of crop, social capital, engagement of private sector, future potential in agriculture and market access (in 5 years), # of trees planted and survived

Ethiopia: characteristics of rural households Note: according to the data, 80% of heads has no formal education (93% in HICE) hh size average education land area PHC $1.25 PHC $2 povgap $1.25 povgap $2 INT index INT index maize INT index wheat TLU large TLU small Tigray Amhara Oromiya Somalie Benishangul- Gumuz SNNPR Gambela na Total

Farm size

% hhs growing wheat

% hhs growing maize

% of hhs owning livestock

# of cattle owned

Intensification index

Intensification index in the initial sites

Intensification index for wheat

Intensification index for maize