DEFINE PROPAGANDA What is the propagandistic message of this artwork? How is this message visually communicated

Roman Government and Art Context Review Appropriation: “Captive Greece made Rome Captive” Pragmatism: Where the greatest good and popular opinion established the standard of art Propaganda: Power and authority of the Republican and Imperial rulers / empires Utilitarianism: engineering, road building, public works to manage government and Empire Eclecticism: A tolerant and open-minded approach to differences Engineering: New technological innovations in building including arch, vault, dome and concrete

Four Roman Contributions to Architecture Building for use – a shift from religious building to engineering for practical/public use, problems and entertainment Developing the arch and vault – increase in scale Emphasis in verticality – made possible by use of concrete, multi-use facilities like the forum market place Design of significant interiors – Romans treated the play between light and space as significant architectural elements

THE MANY USES OF THE ARCH Dome Cross Vault Arch Barrel Vault

The Pantheon What are the facts? (F) Architect: NA Patron: Emperor Hadrian Title: The Pantheon Date: 120 CE Period/Style: High Empire Size: Monumental Findspot: Rome

There is very little ancient commentary on the Pantheon No one knows who designed it or why Hadian had the bronze lettering placed on it recognizing Agrippa as the builder of an earlier temple on the site No one knows what sculptural work actually filled the niches – usually assigned to planetary deities Pediment sculptures are completely lost and we don’t know what the forecourt looked like or how it affected how people approached the building We do not know the exact function of the building

This building is nearly 2,000 years old and has gone through significant changes. What types of changes do you think occurred to the building that have stripped it from its original context? It became Santa Maria della Rotund in 609 CE. Scultpures of the new faith replaced the old

The Pantheon: Group Discussion 5 Minutes Group 1: Discuss questions 1, 2 and 3 Group 2: Discuss questions 4 and 5 Group 3: Discuss questions 6 and 7

Who was Hadrian? Chosen successor of Trajan A fellow Spaniard Lover or art Traveled to Greece – his portrait is reminiscent of Pericles – a classical depiction of a mature bearded man We see his interest of Greek architecture reflected in the Pantheon but also a departure

What type of floor plan is the Pantheon CENTRALIZED – based upon the circle Single, unified and uninterrupted space with niches for sculpture This type of plan was not new to Romans – it was used for their public baths and Nero’s Golden house The proprtions of the Pantheon are “harmonic” – echoing Plato’s idea of the harmony of the universe Niche

What is the structure or engineering system? 1.A poured concrete rotunda 2.Based upon intersection of a vertical and horizontal circle 3.A drum and dome supported by relieving arches imbedded in thick walls serving as a buttressing system 4.Weight lessened by the coffers and decreasing size of the dome shell as it rises

THE MANY USES OF THE ARCH Dome Cross Vault Arch Barrel Vault

How did one enter the building? A colonnaded courtyard would have led the Romans into the portico, from which the ascended steps into the once elevated building

Describe the interior space The vast interior space can be imagined as the orb of the earth and the dome as the vault of the heavens Divided into 3 levels: 1 st level is defined by columns and niches – vertical columns fasten us to the ground 2 nd level is the drum – it’s solidity upholds the dome of the heavens. Square windows lessen it’s solidity 3 rd level the dome and oculus – the coffered pattern, decreasing in size, leads the eye to the oculus which lets in dramatic light. The decreasing size also make the dome feel lighter The floor is patterned with squares. The overall scheme is a harmonious integration of circles and squares

How is the interior embellished or decorated? Marble interior. Exterior rotunda originally covered in marble Bronze stars would have originally adorned each coffer – likening it to a heavenly sky The lighting from the oculus, which would have illuminated the the 7 planetary deities like a heavenly searchlight adds a dramatic flare that embellishes interior space

How does one move around the interior space CIRCUMBULATION: Circulate the vast interior space – niche to niche Uninterrupted circular path is a Roman invention Circular shape and use of natural light from the open oculus Encloses people without imprisoning them

What is the function of this building? How do the visual qualities convey this function? RELIGIOUS FUNCTION: The universal sphere (the earth) is connected to the cosmos beyond by a perfect circular oculus Dome is an image of the cosmos for contemplation. IDEAL WORLD ORDER: Organized, unified and harmonious like government GOVERNMENT FUNCTION: Space for Roman Senate Meeting – symbolic of meeting in harmony. Emporer would have ruled religion and state. It is suggested that the portico would have had a sculpture of Augustus and the interior sculpture would have included a statues of Julius Caesar

HW QUESTIONS WHY IS THE WORK SIGNIFICANT – HOW DOES IT SPEAK FOR IT’S TIME / GENERATION? In what way do the visual qualities of the building reflect the culture’s social, religious and /or political values of the time, or the chief concerns of this time?