The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs of the traditional authorities on topics and made new theories based on experimentation. This new thought process helped lead to the Enlightenment

The Roots of Modern Science The Medieval View – Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources. – Supports geocentric theory

The Roots of Modern Science – Renaissance = New ways of thinking – New view of natural world: observation and inquiry – New discoveries, overseas exploration – New developments in various fields

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe Nicolaus Copernicus

Galileo’s Trial Galileo’s Discoveries – Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances in astronomy. – He makes discovery about planet surfaces – supports heliocentric theory – 4 moons Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition Conflict with the Church: Galileo’s work goes against church; Trial happens: Galileo resists, loses trial, House arrest, unable to publish work

The Scientific Method Bacon urges scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions Descartes advocates using logic and math to reason out basic truths Francis Bacon ( ) René Descartes ( )

New Instruments = Better Discoveries microscope thermometer simple mercury barometer

The Scientific Revolution Spreads Medicine and the Human Body Newton and Laws of Gravity Edwin Jenner- vaccination for Smallpox

1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages.

The Age of Reason (The Enlightenment) (approx.) ”Aude Sapere!” (Dare to Think!) ~ Immanuel Kant The Enlightenment was a cultural movement of intellectuals in Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge.

Philosophes and Salons Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who articulated many principles of the Age of Reason Salons: Gatherings of Enlightenment thinkers, mostly in France, during which many issues of the day and philosophical topics were discussed France = Center of movement

Enlightenment Era Thought Processes Rationalism: fact-based logic Reason, science, rights and progress Change = possible/desirable for human liberty Went against existing social/political structures Utilitarianism : c reate laws for common good- not special interest Tolerance/Freedom: Thoughts, laws, education

Impacts The French Revolution ( ) “ The American Revolution ( )

The members of the Constitutional Convention utilized concepts outlined in the Enlightenment to develop a new plan of government for the United States, based on democratic principles The Constitutional Convention (1787)