Thursday 10/17: The Spread of Islam Objective: Summarize the development of Islamic Empires Objective: Summarize the development of Islamic Empires Bell Work: Outline Quiz Bell Work: Outline Quiz Have out your outline from last night and answer the questions on a separate piece of paper.

10.2 Outline Quiz 1. What does “Caliph” mean? 2. Who are the Rightly Guided Caliphs? 1. If you have all 4 names, EXTRA CREDIT 3. What is one reason for the success of the Rightly Guided Caliphs? 4. Who are the “People of the Book”? 5. What two groups are created from the split in Islam?

The Spread of Islam

When Muhammad died, he didn’t name a successor. When Muhammad died, he didn’t name a successor. Abu Bakr took over as caliph Abu Bakr took over as caliph Caliph: ‘Successor of the Prophet’ or Deputy Caliph: ‘Successor of the Prophet’ or Deputy

“Rightly Guided Caliphs” Abu-Bakr and the next three caliphs: Umar, Uthman and Ali Abu-Bakr and the next three caliphs: Umar, Uthman and Ali Rule called the “Rightly-Guided” Caliphate Rule called the “Rightly-Guided” Caliphate By the time of Abu-Bakr’s death, Muslim state controlled all of Arabia By the time of Abu-Bakr’s death, Muslim state controlled all of Arabia

Success of the Empires By 750, the empire stretched 6,000 miles: about 2 times across the U.S. By 750, the empire stretched 6,000 miles: about 2 times across the U.S. Drew energy and inspiration from successes Drew energy and inspiration from successes Muslim armies disciplined Muslim armies disciplined Weakness of surrounding empires: Persian and Byzantine Weakness of surrounding empires: Persian and Byzantine

Conquered Peoples “People of the Book”: Jews and Christians “People of the Book”: Jews and Christians Conquered people could accept Islam or pay a tax Conquered people could accept Islam or pay a tax Many conquered people convert to Islam: appeal of Islam and benefit of not having to pay tax Many conquered people convert to Islam: appeal of Islam and benefit of not having to pay tax

Tried to conquer Constantinople, but Byzantium defeated them Tried to conquer Constantinople, but Byzantium defeated them Conquered islands in the Mediterranean Sea Conquered islands in the Mediterranean Sea What advantage did this give to the Islamic regions? What advantage did this give to the Islamic regions?

Internal Conflicts Succession of the Empire: Who to lead? Succession of the Empire: Who to lead? Ali v. Muawiya Ali v. Muawiya

Sunni and Shi’a Let’s try to simplify this… 1. When ‘Umar died, Uthman became caliph 2. Uthman was murdered by rebels 3. Ali (Muhammad’s cousin) comes to power and a relative of Uthman named Muawiya protests 4. War breaks out between supporters of Ali and supporters of Muawiya 5. Ali is assassinated 6. Muawiya becomes caliph 7. Ali’s followers: Shi’a Muawiya’s followers: Sunni Muawiya’s followers: Sunni

Shi’a Shi’a Believe leaders should be descendents of Mohammad: Ali Believe leaders should be descendents of Mohammad: Ali Decisions made by the imams Decisions made by the imams Minority Minority Sunni Sunni Believe that Umayyad’s should lead: Muawiya Believe that Umayyad’s should lead: Muawiya Decisions made by the people/leaders Decisions made by the people/leaders Interest in peace? Interest in peace?  Sufi  Rejection to the Umayyad focus on wealth  Pursue life of poverty: keep focus on Qur’an and tradition  Missionaries

Umayyads: Sunni Umayyads come to power: hereditary system of succession Umayyads come to power: hereditary system of succession Changes: Changes: Move capital to Damascus: easier control of conquered territories Move capital to Damascus: easier control of conquered territories Abandon simple life and gain wealth and ceremony of non-Muslim rulers Abandon simple life and gain wealth and ceremony of non-Muslim rulers

Abbasids ( ) Move capital from Damascus to Baghdad Move capital from Damascus to Baghdad Location on trade routes gave access to gold, goods and information Location on trade routes gave access to gold, goods and information Develop strong bureaucracy and taxes Develop strong bureaucracy and taxes

Berbers and Moors Berbers: North African Muslims Berbers: North African Muslims Tariq lead an army and invaded Spain Tariq lead an army and invaded Spain Rock of Gibraltar ( Jabil Tariq ) Rock of Gibraltar ( Jabil Tariq ) Muslims living in Spain called the Moors Muslims living in Spain called the Moors Rock of Gibraltar

Muslim Trade Network Silk Roads of India and China connect with Europe and Africa Silk Roads of India and China connect with Europe and Africa Only need single language and coinage Only need single language and coinage Set up banks and credit “sakk” Set up banks and credit “sakk”

Expansion of Islam Arab and Muslim expansion lasted until 1100’s Arab and Muslim expansion lasted until 1100’s Turks become the ruling Muslim force Turks become the ruling Muslim force

Homework Read “Excerpts from the Qur'an and 1,001 Nights” and answer questions