Human History: Newfoundland Learning Outcome 1.03 describe the Newfoundland and Labrador transition, from aboriginals, European settlers, to present day, in terms of how they impacted the land

Aboriginals People like the Beothuk, Innu, Inuit, Mi’kmaq

Aboriginal Impacts Different areas provided different resources. Northern Labrador Inuit:

Aboriginal Impacts Different areas provided different resources. Northern Labrador Inuit: - Hunted whales - Used trees for fuel

Aboriginal Impacts Different areas provided different resources. Northern Labrador Inuit: - Hunted whales - Used trees for fuel

Aboriginal Impacts Different areas provided different resources. Newfoundland Beothuk:

Aboriginal Impacts Different areas provided different resources. Newfoundland Beothuk: - More variety of hunting - Warmer climate

Aboriginal Impacts Aboriginals in Newfoundland and Labrador relied on nature for survival. Differences in resources and climate influenced their unique cultures.

Aboriginal Impacts Despite differences, these tribes had something in common: They had very little impact on the land. Why?

Aboriginal Impacts They had very primitive technology that did not allow them to gather resources quickly.

Aboriginal Impacts They had to hunt and gather resources by hand

What do you know about how aboriginal people view the environment?

Aboriginal Views These were the first people to have a sustainable view of the environment. 1. They had a deep respect for nature and the environment 2. They believed in taking just enough to survive and giving back when possible.

Europeans Settlers

Came from across the Atlantic from countries like England, France, Spain and Portugal. (late 1400’s and up)

Europeans Settler Impacts Began to cause more noticeable changes to the environment. But still no advanced technology to cause widespread changes. They harvested trees They fished Hunted and trapped animals for fur Most of these resources were sent back to their home countries.

European Settlers They came just for the resources, and often they were the same ones wanted by the Aboriginals who shared the space. Labrador: The Basque - Came from Spain - Hunted whales - Took many more than the Inuit!

European Settlers

Europeans Settler Impacts However, they still lacked the technology needed to really cause large scale changes.

What do you know about European settler views about the environment?

European Settlers Views Their views were very different from the aboriginals: The land was theirs for the taking. The land and the aboriginal people on it were considered ‘wild’ and needed to be ‘tamed’. They thought that resources were limitless They were not harming their own environment so it did not matter. This was not ‘home’.

Modern Day Impacts Example: Abitibi Bowater in Newfoundland A forestry and pulp and paper company that has operated in Newfoundland since the early 1900’s.

Modern Day Impacts

Early Logging technology was slow and required hand tools.

Modern Day Impacts Easy movement of logs required access to rivers. Log Drivers Waltz

Modern Day Impacts As technology has improved, so has our impact on the environment. Abitibi/Bowater operations were no exception!

Modern Day Impacts Steam Power: could move logs more easily across land.

Modern Day Impacts Combustion Engines: easier to cut and move wood!

Modern Day Impacts Electricity to process the wood and make paper!

Modern Views are Changing The faster we could process resources, the more visible our impacts on the environment have become.

Changing Environmental Views This has caused people to start changing their views: The environment is for our use, not to be abused. We need to protect the environment, not destroy it.

Changing Environmental Views Environmental Conservation is not a new idea! Has been promoted by some people since the 1800’s (Industrial Revolution)

Changing Environmental Views The modern era in environmental awareness can be divided into two periods of changing attitudes: 1) Awakening 2) Global Governance

1) Awakening Began when we started to slowly realize that we are a part of the big biosphere called Earth and what we do will have consequences for us in the long run. The awakening was motivated by environmental disasters.

1) Awakening REfY 2joUc

1) Awakening

Pioneers of Sustainability DDT Pesticide Used mainly to kill mosquitos to stop the spread of disease DDT: Lets put it everywhere! Mmmm DDT!

Pioneers of Sustainability Rachael Carson (1907 – 1964) Marine Biologist Raised awareness about pesticide use (DDT) Raised awareness about pesticide use (DDT) Animal health concerns Human health concerns Environmental Impact Criticised by Chemical Companies! Blamed for deaths from Malaria caused by mosquito bites.

Pioneers of Sustainability Still little proof of negative effects of DDT on people! Linked to premature births DDT Environmental impacts exist: Has been shown to disrupt reproduction of some birds Was she ‘wrong’ to promote caution in using chemicals we do not fully understand?

Pioneers of Sustainability The efforts of People like Aldo Leopold and Rachel Carson have had positive effects: Increased awareness Environmental Impact Assessments Recovery strategies

2) Global Governance Refers to cooperative problem solving arrangements between countries. A social movement to address issues that affect all people, not just one country. For example: Cooperating governments make decisions about the environment. Individual governments then pass environmental laws National organizations connected to government are created to monitor and promote environmental laws locally

2) Global Governance Environmental Protection Agency (United States, 1970)

2) Global Governance Environment Canada (1971) Working with other governments to be sustainable globally Working with and monitoring Canadian industries to meet environmental regulations

Changing Environmental Views (continued) Paradigm Shift: A significant change in collective attitude about a particular topic.

Environmental Paradigm Shift We changed from believing that our technology could solve any problem to realizing that many problems require a change in our behaviour and how we work with nature Also now believe that earth is a fragile pace and that we can cause great harm if we are not careful.

Jigsaw Activity

Who else Influences Environmental Science? Governments have a large impact on the environment: Policy-making Legislation Decision making These occur at all levels of government: Federal Provincial Municipal

Science Misconceptions Activity