RNA & Transcription

Contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all organisms Found in the nucleus of cells! Made up of Nucleotides Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogenous Base  Adenine  Thymine  Cytosine  Guanine

1 DNA strand 2 DNA strands The first DNA strand acts as a template for the newly formed strand of DNA DNA polymerase copies the new strand of DNA Practice replicating DNA!!!

Single stranded Sugar is Ribose DNA = Deoxyribose RNA is Copied from DNA during a process called transcription Made up of nucleotides Does not contain thymine Uracil (U) replaces thymine in RNA strand

DNA ATT GAT CAT AGT RNA UAA CUA GUA UCA

mRNA- (messenger RNA) sends the message of DNA to the ribosomes rRNA- (ribosomal RNA) make up ribosomes (place of protein assembly) tRNA- (transfer RNA) transfers the RNA message into proteins

Makes RNA from DNA DNA- GCA CTA GTC ATC RNA- CGU GAU CAG UAG End Result: 1 DNA strand 1 mRNA Strand

1. RNA polymerase, an enzyme, binds to DNA found in the nucleus and separates the DNA strands 2. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template for assembling a strand of mRNA that is then released into the cytoplasm.

DNA Replication 1 DNA Strand 2 DNA Strands Transcription DNARNA Translation RNAProtein End of DNA /RNA

The sequence of nucleotides serves as instructions for the order of amino acids Proteins are made from joining many amino acids into a long chain The code is read 3 letters at a time

Every three nucleotides is a word known as a codon. AGTTCCGAT Each specific codon represents a single amino acid Chains of amino acid make proteins 64 different codons

Decoding of a mRNA into a polypeptide chain or protein. First mRNA is transcribed from DNA and released to the cytoplasm

Step 1: A ribosome forms around a molecule of mRNA needs the start codon AUG Step 2: Each codon allows the proper amino acid to be brought into the ribosome by tRNA. Step 3: The amino acids are attached together along an “assembly line” to form a chain.

Step 4: The new protein grows as the codons are 'read‘ until a stop codon appears Step 5: The completed protein is released.

class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/anima tion/gene/gene_a3.html class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/anima tion/gene/gene_a3.html nimat/molgenetics/translation.swf nimat/molgenetics/translation.swf mplates/student_resources/shared_resources /animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synth esis.html mplates/student_resources/shared_resources /animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synth esis.html

hill.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swf hill.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swf g/genetics/animations/translation.htm g/genetics/animations/translation.htm

class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/anima tion/gene/gene_a3.html class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/anima tion/gene/gene_a3.html ass.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animati on/gene/gene_a3.html g/genetics/animations/translation.htm g/genetics/animations/translation.htm

hill.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swf hill.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swf mplates/student_resources/shared_resources /animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synth esis.html mplates/student_resources/shared_resources /animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synth esis.html

Start codon- "AUG" - Methionine signals initiation translation Stop Codon- "UAG, UAA, and UGA" signals termination of translation

UUUCAGGAA AUACCGAGA GCUGACUAC