THE SECOND DECLENSION Lesson 4 By J. Gresham Machen New Testament Greek for Beginners Declensions, order of words, articles, nouns, genders

24. Vocabulary adelpho’s, ho, a brother adelpho’s, ho, a brother ‘anthrwpos, ho, a man ‘anthrwpos, ho, a man apo’stolos, ho, an apostle apo’stolos, ho, an apostle doulos, ho, a slave, a servant doulos, ho, a slave, a servant tha’natos, ho, a death tha’natos, ho, a death hiero’n, to’, a temple hiero’n, to’, a temple kai, conjunction, and kai, conjunction, and lo’gos, ho, a word lo’gos, ho, a word no’mos, ho, a law no’mos, ho, a law oi’kos, ho, a house oi’kos, ho, a house huio’s, ho, a son huio’s, ho, a son dw’ron, to, a gift dw’ron, to, a gift

25. A note about declensions In Greek there are three declensions. In Greek there are three declensions. The second declension is given before the first for purposes of convenience, since it is easier, and has a large number of common nouns (Machen, 23). The second declension is given before the first for purposes of convenience, since it is easier, and has a large number of common nouns (Machen, 23).

26. Articles There is no indefinite article in Greek, so in translations such articles (as a and an) are added if necessary. There is no indefinite article in Greek, so in translations such articles (as a and an) are added if necessary. ADELPHO’S either means “brother” or “a brother” (usually the latter). ADELPHO’S either means “brother” or “a brother” (usually the latter). Greek however has a definite article. Where the article does not appear in the text, the definite article must not be inserted in the English translation. Greek however has a definite article. Where the article does not appear in the text, the definite article must not be inserted in the English translation. ‘ANTHRWPOI simply means “men”; it does not mean “the men.” ‘ANTHRWPOI simply means “men”; it does not mean “the men.” Machen, 23. Machen, 23.

PROPERTIES OF THE NOUN 27. Greek noun has gender, number and case. 27. Greek noun has gender, number and case. 28. GENDERS are masculine, feminine and neuter. 28. GENDERS are masculine, feminine and neuter. 29. NUMBER is plural and singular. Verbs agree with their subject in number. 29. NUMBER is plural and singular. Verbs agree with their subject in number. 30. CASES: Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative. 30. CASES: Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative.

28. Gender of Nouns 28a. Gender of nouns must often be learned by observation of the individual nouns. 28a. Gender of nouns must often be learned by observation of the individual nouns. 28b. Nearly all nouns of the second declension ending in -os are masculine. 28b. Nearly all nouns of the second declension ending in -os are masculine. 28c. All nouns of the second declension ending in –on are neuter. 28c. All nouns of the second declension ending in –on are neuter.

28.Articles indicate the gender of nouns. ho indicates masculine gender. ho ‘anthrwpos means the man. ho indicates masculine gender. ho ‘anthrwpos means the man. he indicates the feminine gender. he alh’theia means the truth. he indicates the feminine gender. he alh’theia means the truth. Note: The Greek letter eta, above, is substituted here with h, and has a long e sound. Note: The Greek letter eta, above, is substituted here with h, and has a long e sound. to is the neuter gender. to hiero’n means the temple. to is the neuter gender. to hiero’n means the temple.

29. Two numbers of nouns There are two number, singular and plural. There are two number, singular and plural. Verbs in the Greek, like in English, always agree with their subject in number. Verbs in the Greek, like in English, always agree with their subject in number.

30. The Cases of Nouns There are five cases: There are five cases: Nominative – for nouns used as subject. Nominative – for nouns used as subject. Genitive – showing possession or the motion of separation. Genitive – showing possession or the motion of separation. Dative – for the indirect object. Dative – for the indirect object. Accusative – for the direct object. Accusative – for the direct object. Vocative – used in directly addressing the person before you. Vocative – used in directly addressing the person before you.

31. Second Declension of ANTHROPOS, man. Note: Nominative and vocative have the same forms or endings. SINGULAR SINGULAR Nominative: ‘ANTHRWPOS, a man Nominative: ‘ANTHRWPOS, a man Genitive: ANTHRW’POU, of a man Genitive: ANTHRW’POU, of a man Dative: ‘ANTHRW’PW, to or for a man Dative: ‘ANTHRW’PW, to or for a man Accusative: ‘ANTHRWPON, a man Accusative: ‘ANTHRWPON, a man Vocative: ‘ANTHRWPE, man Vocative: ‘ANTHRWPE, man PLURAL PLURAL Nominative – ‘ANTHRWPOI, men Nominative – ‘ANTHRWPOI, men Genitive: ANTHRW’PWN, of men Genitive: ANTHRW’PWN, of men Dative: ANTHRW’POIS, to or for men Dative: ANTHRW’POIS, to or for men Accusative: ANTHRW’POUS, men Accusative: ANTHRW’POUS, men Vocative: ‘ANTHRWPOI, men Vocative: ‘ANTHRWPOI, men

Uses of the cases 34. The nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence. Thus APO’STOLOS GINW’SKEI means “An apostle knows.” 34. The nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence. Thus APO’STOLOS GINW’SKEI means “An apostle knows.” 34. The accusative case is for the object of the transitive verb. Thus BLE’PW LOGON means “I see a word.” 34. The accusative case is for the object of the transitive verb. Thus BLE’PW LOGON means “I see a word.” 35. The genitive case shows possession. Thus LO’GOI APOSTO’LWN means “words of apostles” or “apostles’ words.” 35. The genitive case shows possession. Thus LO’GOI APOSTO’LWN means “words of apostles” or “apostles’ words.”

Uses of the cases 35. Genitive has also other uses which must be learned by observation. 35. Genitive has also other uses which must be learned by observation. 36. The dative case is the case of the indirect object. Thus LE’GW LO’GON APOSTO’LOIS means “I say a word to apostles.” The dative, again, has other uses which you can learn by observing. 36. The dative case is the case of the indirect object. Thus LE’GW LO’GON APOSTO’LOIS means “I say a word to apostles.” The dative, again, has other uses which you can learn by observing. 37. The vocative case is the case of direct address. Thus ADELPHE’, BLE’POMEN means “Brother, we see.” 37. The vocative case is the case of direct address. Thus ADELPHE’, BLE’POMEN means “Brother, we see.”

Uses of the cases 37. In the plural, the vocative case in words of all declensions is in form like the nominative. The vocative plural may therefore be omitted in repeating paradigms. 37. In the plural, the vocative case in words of all declensions is in form like the nominative. The vocative plural may therefore be omitted in repeating paradigms.

39. The declension of HUIOS, son (please see Machen’s, p. 25). SINGULAR SINGULAR N. huio’s, son N. huio’s, son G. huiou, of a son G. huiou, of a son D. huiw, to or for a son D. huiw, to or for a son A. huio’n, son A. huio’n, son V. huie’, son V. huie’, son PLURAL PLURAL N. huioi’, sons N. huioi’, sons G. huiwn, of sons G. huiwn, of sons D. huiois, to or for sons D. huiois, to or for sons A. huiou’s, sons A. huiou’s, sons V. huioi’, sons V. huioi’, sons

41. Declension of DWRON, TO, a gift SINGULAR SINGULAR N. dwron, a gift N. dwron, a gift G. dw’rou, of a gift G. dw’rou, of a gift D. dw’rw, to or for a gift D. dw’rw, to or for a gift A. dwron, a gift A. dwron, a gift V. dwron, gift V. dwron, gift In neuter nouns, the nominative, accusative and vocative have same endings in singular number. In neuter nouns, the nominative, accusative and vocative have same endings in singular number. PLURAL PLURAL N. dwra, gifts N. dwra, gifts G. dwrwn, of gifts G. dwrwn, of gifts D. dwrois, to or for gifts D. dwrois, to or for gifts A. dwra, gifts A. dwra, gifts V. dwra, gifts V. dwra, gifts In neuter nouns, the nominative, accusative and vocative have same endings in plural number. In neuter nouns, the nominative, accusative and vocative have same endings in plural number.

42. Notes about DWRON, TO to dwron is a neuter noun. to dwron is a neuter noun. In all neuter nouns, of all declensions, the vocative, accusative and nominative in the singular number are the same. They all end in –on (See above slide). In all neuter nouns, of all declensions, the vocative, accusative and nominative in the singular number are the same. They all end in –on (See above slide). The vocative, accusative and nominative in the plural number are also the same. They always end in short –a. (see above slide). The vocative, accusative and nominative in the plural number are also the same. They always end in short –a. (see above slide).

43. Order of words 43a. The normal order of the sentence in Greek is like that of English: Subject, verb, object. 43a. The normal order of the sentence in Greek is like that of English: Subject, verb, object. 43b. Unlike in Latin, there is no special tendency in Greek to put the verb at the end. 43b. Unlike in Latin, there is no special tendency in Greek to put the verb at the end. 43c. Greeks however can vary the order for purposes of emphases or euphony much more freely than English (Machen, 27). 43c. Greeks however can vary the order for purposes of emphases or euphony much more freely than English (Machen, 27).

45. Exercises (please refer to Machen’s, p. 27). In this instance we now substitute omega with w, and eta with h. 1. adelphos ble’pei ‘anthrwpon. 1. adelphos ble’pei ‘anthrwpon. 2. doulos gra’phei lo’gous. 2. doulos gra’phei lo’gous. 3. apo’stoloi dida’skousin ‘anthrwpon. 3. apo’stoloi dida’skousin ‘anthrwpon. 4. apo’stoloi lu’ousi dou’lous. 4. apo’stoloi lu’ousi dou’lous. 5. doulos lamba’nei dwra. 5. doulos lamba’nei dwra. 6. lamba’nousin huioi’ oi’kous. 6. lamba’nousin huioi’ oi’kous. 7. dou’lous kai oi’kous lamba’nousin adelphoi’. 7. dou’lous kai oi’kous lamba’nousin adelphoi’. 8. ble’pomen hiera’ kai aposto’lous. 8. ble’pomen hiera’ kai aposto’lous. 9. dou’lous ble’pete kai adelphou’s. 9. dou’lous ble’pete kai adelphou’s. 10. grapheis lo’gon aposto’lw. 10. grapheis lo’gon aposto’lw. 11. dida’skei ‘anthrwpon. 11. dida’skei ‘anthrwpon.

45. Exercises (please refer to Machen’s, p. 27). In this instance we now substitute omega with w. The sound of w is long o. 12. adelpho’s le’gei lo’gon aposto’lw. 12. adelpho’s le’gei lo’gon aposto’lw. 13. adelpho’s aposto’lwn ginw’skei no’mon. 13. adelpho’s aposto’lwn ginw’skei no’mon. 14. douloi ginw’skousi no’mon kai lamba’nousi dwra. 14. douloi ginw’skousi no’mon kai lamba’nousi dwra. 15. ginw’skousin ‘anthrwpoi tha’naton. 15. ginw’skousin ‘anthrwpoi tha’naton. 16. lamba’nomen dwra kai ‘echomen adelphou’s. 16. lamba’nomen dwra kai ‘echomen adelphou’s. 17. apo’stolois kai dou’lois le’gomen lo’gous thana’tou. 17. apo’stolois kai dou’lois le’gomen lo’gous thana’tou. 18. ‘adelphoi kai dou’loi ginw’skousin kai ble’pousin hiera’ kai dwra. 18. ‘adelphoi kai dou’loi ginw’skousin kai ble’pousin hiera’ kai dwra. 19. gra’phei apo’stolos no’mon kai le’gei lo’gous huiois dou’lou. 19. gra’phei apo’stolos no’mon kai le’gei lo’gous huiois dou’lou. 20. huioi’ aposto’lwn le’gousi lo’gous kai lu’ousi dou’lous. 20. huioi’ aposto’lwn le’gousi lo’gous kai lu’ousi dou’lous.

Translate: 1. A servant is writing a law. 1. A servant is writing a law. 2. A son sees words. 2. A son sees words. 3. Brothers are loosing servants. 3. Brothers are loosing servants. 4. Sons take gifts. 4. Sons take gifts. 5. An apostle sees a servant and a gift. 5. An apostle sees a servant and a gift. 6. Servants and sons are saying a word to a brother. 6. Servants and sons are saying a word to a brother. 7. We see gifts and servants. 7. We see gifts and servants. 8. Men see words and gifts of a brother and houses of apostles and sons. 8. Men see words and gifts of a brother and houses of apostles and sons.

Translate: 9. Words and laws we write to brethren; a word of death we say to a servant. 9. Words and laws we write to brethren; a word of death we say to a servant. 10. A son is seeing temples and houses. 10. A son is seeing temples and houses. 11. Ye know death. 11. Ye know death. 12. Thou takest an apostle’s gift (= a gift of an apostle). 12. Thou takest an apostle’s gift (= a gift of an apostle). 13. Thou art writing a brother’s word to a servant. 13. Thou art writing a brother’s word to a servant. 14. I loose servants and say words to sons and brothers. 14. I loose servants and say words to sons and brothers. 15. A son sees death. 15. A son sees death. 16. They know laws and teach servants of an apostle. 16. They know laws and teach servants of an apostle.