Twentieth Century Art Movements Part I:

Early 20 th Century Art Avant-Garde—movement in Paris at the turn of the century in the early 1900s. Artists and sculptors were producing works ahead of their time, pushing the boundaries of what was “acceptable art”—experimental. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon by Pablo Picasso (1907)-- A defining work of the movement CUBISM—art with a multiplicity of viewpoints

CUBISM Synthetic Cubism —using the “collage” technique of Picasso and Georges Braques Still Life with Chair Canning by Pablo Picasso 1912 The first Collage painting

CUBISM ASSEMBLAGES—artworks built up or pieced together from miscellaneous 3-D objects. All by Picasso

FUTURISM—links technology and art Filippo Marinetti— Attacked museum art and demanded an art of “burning violence” in his Futurist Manifesto (1909) The movement was found in Italy and Russia. Followers were fascinated by speed, technology, and violence.

Futurism Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913) By Umberto Boccione

Futurism Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash By Giacomo Balla (1912)

Futurism Nude Descending a Staircase By Marcel Duchamp (1912)

The Armory Show of 1913 The International Exhibition of Modern Art in New York City--known as the Armory Show-- changed the focus of art to works by American and European artists, and it influenced American Modernism.

FAUVES—“WILD BEASTS” Fauvism is an art style in which artists use wild and intense colors in a violent and uncontrolled way. Henri Matisse ( ) is the leader of this art style.

Fauvism Andre Derain— worked closely with Matisse. In his works: --objects are flattened --color creates space --color creates content Charing Cross Bridge, London (1906)

Abstract Art Imagery which departs from representational accuracy Artists exaggerate or simplify the forms of objects seen in the world around them.

Abstract Art Constantin Brancusi ( ) Sculptor influenced by fertility figures and tribal sculptures Bird in Space (30 versions) shows “birdness” and captures the essence of flight.

Abstract Photography Edward Weston American ( ) Twin Shells 1927

NON-OBJECTIVE ART Artworks having no recognizable subject matter. Also known as non-representational Popular art style from

Wassily Kandinsky— Russian artist influenced by the Fauves and Russian folk art Known for his use of vibrant colors to evoke moods Titles are musical— “Improvisations”

Non-Objective Art Kasimir Malevich ( ) Russian artist known for his Suprematist compositions

Non-Objective Art Piet Mondrian Dutch artist ( ) Focuses on geometric order in Nature and Primary Colors

“De Stijl”—Dutch for “The Style” Dutch artistic movement Also known as Neoplasticism

Russian Constructivism “artistic engineers” who applied new abstraction ideas to industrial arts, theater, film, typography, textile design, and architecture. Liubov Popova designed stage sets and costumes for the Russian theater; “art in production”

Early 20 th Century Architecture Two New Materials— Structural steel and Ferroconcrete (concrete reinforced with steel) New design element— Cantilever (horizontal beam supported at one end and projecting past part of the support)

Louis Sullivan ( ) American “Father of Modernism” “Father of the Sky Scraper” Prudential Building, New York (1894) Carson, Pirie, Scott, and Co. Building ( )

Frank Lloyd Wright ( ) Student of L. Sullivan Respected natural materials and settings Japanese influence with horizontal lines that “hug the earth” Prairie School of Architecture ( )

Frank L. Wright Robie House in Chicago ( ) Fallingwater in Bear Run, PA (1934)

Bauhaus and International style ( ) Walter Gropius (Germany)— fused technology of the machine Age with purist principles of functional design; he focused on the relationship between function and formal design. Followers used these new ideas: --new synthetic materials --stark simplicity of design --mass-produced merchandise Gropius founded Bauhaus— “Building House”, a school in Germany, which combined crafts and fine arts. “The House is a machine for living”

Bauhaus and International Style “Le Corbusier” Swiss Architect ( ) adopted his nickname in 1920 Villa Savoie 1929

Psychology and Visual Arts Psychology had the most dramatic impact on the Arts; Arts is the pursuit of the subconscious. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung inspired artists with their writings on dreams and fantasies.

Expressionism— focuses on inner fears German Expressionism— young artists rebelled against academic art by distorting forms and using evocative colors and by illustrating macabre and intimate subjects. Ernst L. Kirchner— leader of the “Die Bruke”, meaning “The Bridge”, led the movement in Dresden (1905) Street Berlin (1913)

German Expressionism Another movement was “Der Blaue Reiter”, or “The Blue Rider”, 1911, in Munich, Germany

Metaphysical Art and Fantasy— Artists explored the workings of the mind that lay beyond sensory experience Giorgio de Chirico — Italian artist who rejected Futurism and pioneered “metaphysical art”—beyond physical reality The Nostalgia of the Infinite (1914)

Metaphysical Art and Fantasy Marc Chagall ( ) Russian Jew who was influenced by Russian folk tales and customs. I and the Village (1911) Time is a River without Banks ( )

DADA—1916, ZURICH DADA was a movement of European painters and poets dedicated to spreading the “gospel of irrationality” Art is the production of Chance. A Leader in this movement was Marcel Duchamp, a French artist who turned to making/remaking art objects—”ready mades”

DADA Sculptures Artists like Man Ray ( ) Worked closely with Duchamp, and used ordinary objects in Unique ways.

SURREALISM 1917 Movement dedicated to expressing in conscious life the workings of the subconscious mind. Andre Breton wrote the Surrealist Manifesto in Major artists include Joan Miro (Spanish) and Paul Klee (Swiss Painter of German nationality) Person Throwing a Stone at a BirdFish Magic (1925) Klee Miro (1926)

Visionary Surrealists Rene Magritte— Belgian artist ( ) The Treachery (or Perfidy) of Images (1928) The False Mirror (1928)

Visionary Surrealists Salvador Dali— Spanish artist ( ) known for his bizarre lifestyle who shocked his audiences. Persistence of Memory (1931)

Salvador Dali The Dream of Christopher Columbus Self Portrait as Mona Lisa (1954)

Visionary Surrealists Frida Kahlo— Mexico’s most celebrated female artist; painted self-portraits of her life in pain; married Diego Rivera, a famous muralist.

Visionary Surrealists Georgia O’Keefe— American Regional painter famous for enlarged flowers and bleached animal bones. Cow’s Skull with Calico Roses (1931)

Visionary Surrealists Meret Oppenheim— German/Swiss Sculptor Breakfast in Fur (1936)

Dada and Surrealist photography Artists created the “photomontage”— a collage of “found images”, usually printed material from books/magazines/newspapers and put on a flat surface. Hannah Hoch— Cut with a Kitchen Knife (1919)

Art of World Wars I and II and Totalitarianism In Germany, World War I brought protests from many visual artists, such as Max Ernst, George Grosz, and Fernand Leger.

Post war Arts Kathe Kollwitz ( ) created emotional woodcut prints and etchings showing the effects of the war torn Germany.

SOCIALIST REALISM -- condemned expressions of “modernism” --shows positive aspects of a socialist society --celebrates “the State” --mass propaganda movement showing Soviet men and women working on fields and in factories

SOCIAL REALISM --presents socially significant subject matter in an objective and lifelike manner --a vehicle for social REFORM, criticism, and political protest. --Art reflected life after the Great Depression of 1929.

Social Realism American Artists painted scenes recognizable to the masses with their concerns. Thomas Hart Benton shows rugged men and women as energetic in mural scenes.

Social Realism Diego Rivera— a Mexican artist who showed the vitality and futility of the Mexican Revolution—the first social revolution of the century; married to Frida Kahlo. Liberation of the Peon (1931)

Great Depression and Photography Muralists were sponsored by the WPA to portray workers to provide a permanent record of economic and social conditions in rural America. Dorothea Lange ( ) NY photography who traveled across the country making “Documentary Photography” Migrant mother, Nipomo, CA (1936)

World War II The Realities of the war were recorded by photojournalists, such as Lee Miller (first American female wartime photojournalist), Robert Capa (American), and Henri Cartier-Bresson (French).

Spanish Civil War ( ) In April, 1937, the German air forces dropped bombs on Guernica, a small Basque market town in NE Spain. Picasso painted Guernica as an anti-war mural in response to show the brutalities of the war. It is painted in black, white, and grays.