Fig. 9-1, p. 183

Fig. 9-2, p. 185

Passenger pigeon Great aukDodoGolden toadAepyornis (Madagascar)

Fig. 9-3, p. 186

Number of species existing Effects of a 0.1% extinction rate 5 million5,000 extinct per year 14 million 14,000 extinct per year 50 million 50,000 extinct per year 100 million 100,000 extinct per year Number of years until one million species are extinct

Fig. 9-4, p. 187

Grizzly bear Kirkland’s warbler Knowlton cactus Florida manatee African elephant Utah prairie dog Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin Siberian tiger Giant panda Black-footed ferret Whooping crane Northern spotted owl Blue whale Mountain gorilla Florida panther California condor Hawksbill sea turtle Black rhinoceros

Fig. 9-5, p. 188

Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Narrow distribution Elephant seal, desert pupfish Feeds at high trophic level Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle Rare African violet, some orchids Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther CharacteristicExamples

Fig. 9-5, p. 188 Stepped Art Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle Feeds at high trophic level Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Narrow distribution Elephant seal, desert pupfish Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros CharacteristicExamples Rare African violet, some orchids Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite

Fig. 9-6, p. 189

Fishes 34% (51% of freshwater species) Amphibians 32% Mammals 25% Reptiles 20% Plants 14% Birds 12%

Fig. 9-7, p. 189

Fig. 9-8, p. 190

Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer Rosy periwinkle Cathranthus roseus, Madagascar Hodgkin's disease, lymphocytic leukemia Rauvolfia Rauvolfia sepentina, Southeast Asia Anxiety, high blood pressure Neem tree Azadirachta indica, India Treatment of many diseases, insecticide, spermicide Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure Cinchona Cinchona ledogeriana, South America Quinine for malaria treatment

Fig. 9-9, p. 191

Fig. 9-10, p. 193

NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Underlying Causes Population growth Rising resource use Undervaluing natural capital Poverty Direct Causes Habitat loss Pollution Commercial hunting and poaching Habitat degradation and fragmentation Climate change Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants Introduction of nonnative species Overfishing Predator and pest control Causes of Depletion and Premature Extinction of Wild Species

Fig. 9-11, p. 194

Fig. 9-11a, p. 194

Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today

Fig. 9-11b, p. 194

Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today

Fig. 9-11c, p. 194

African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today

Fig. 9-11d, p. 194

Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today

Fig. 9-11, p. 194 Stepped Art Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today

Fig. 9-12, p. 195

Number of bird species

Fig. 9-13, p. 196

Cerulean warblerSprague’s pipitBichnell’s thrush Black-capped vireo Golden-cheeked warbler Florida scrub jayCalifornia gnatcatcher Kirtland's warblerHenslow's sparrow Bachman's warbler

Fig. 9-14, p. 199

Fig. 9-14a, p. 199

Deliberately Introduced Species Purple loosestrife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) NutriaSalt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toad (Giant toad) Water hyacinthJapanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig)

Fig. 9-14b, p. 199

Accidentally Introduced Species Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Brown tree snake Eurasian ruffe Common pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long- horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae

Fig. 9-14, p. 199 Stepped Art Deliberately introduced species Purple loosestrife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) NutriaSalt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toad (Giant toad) Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig) Accidentally introduced species Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Brown tree snake Eurasian ruffe Common pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long- horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae

Fig. 9-15, p. 200

Fig. 9-16, p. 200

Fig. 9-17, p. 201

Fig. 9-18, p. 201

Fig. 9-19, p. 202

DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm DDT in water ppm, or 3 ppt

Fig. 9-19, p. 202 Stepped Art DDT in water ppm, or 3 ppt DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm

Fig. 9-20, p. 203

Fig. 9-21, p. 204

Fig. 9-A, p. 205

Fig. 9-22, p. 206

Fig. 9-23, p. 208

Fig. 9-24, p. 210