NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 1 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector The first results of Russian.

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NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 1 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector The first results of Russian High Energy Neutron Detector I.Mitrofanov HEND Workshop 2002 IKI, Moscow May 20, 2002

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 2 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector PHYSICS: Galactic Cosmic Rays freely propagates through thin Martian atmosphere and produce neutrons, gamma-rays and X-rays in the 2-3 meters subsurface layer Their flux and energy spectra manifest the elementary composition of the “red planet” subsurface

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 3 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector MAIN TASK of HEND: To measure flux and energy spectra of Martian neutrons for interpretation of nuclear lines from Gamma-Ray Spectrometer

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 4 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector HEND was designed for detection of high energy neutrons from the Martian surface HEND has three detectors of neutrons based on proportional counters 3 He with thick (LD), medium (MD) and thin (SD) moderators, one scintillation detector for fast neutrons IN/SC and detector for anti-coincidence OUT/SC

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 5 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector PERFORMANCE: LD: 10.0 eV MeV MD: 0.4 eV keV SD: 0.4 eV keV IN/SC/N: 850 keV – 15.0 MeV IN/SC/G:60 keV– 2.0 MeV OUT/SC:30 keV – 1.0 MeV

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 6 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector The development of HEND took place in in RosAviaKosmos IKI SDB of IKI SNIIP JINR IMB VIMS PTIDD UofA NASA JPL LMA NASA KSC December 1999 September 2000 April 7, 2001 February 19, 2001

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 7 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector Odyssey arrived to Mars on October 24, 2001

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 8 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector FIRST GAMMA- RAYS from Mars: “Phobos-2” February 1-11, 1989

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 9 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector FIRST NEUTRONS From Mars: «Odyssey» October 25-26, 2001

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 10 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector Present global map of Mars landscape is made by famous Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter on board NASA Mars Global Surveyor

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 11 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector Present global map of Mars neutron emission is made by High Energy Neutron Detector on board NASA Mars Global Surveyor (50 days data of sensor MD for epithermal neutrons 0.4 eV – 100 keV)

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 12 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector There is perfect agreement between maps from HEND (top) and Neutron Spectrometer (bottom)

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 13 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 14 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 15 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 16 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector HEND map from Stilbene Sensor: 50 days, 5ºx5º, 850 keV – 2 MeV, peak flux is 0.17 cts/s

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 17 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector HEND map from Stilbene Sensor: 50 days, 5ºx5º, 3 MeV – 7 MeV, peak flux is 0.12 cts/s

NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey page 18 Institute for Space Research Russian Aviation and Space Agency HEND: High Energy Neutron Detector CONCLUSIONS: The mapping of Martian neutrons could provide the most important knowledge for models of local and global hydrological evolution of Mars The neutrons maps should be taken into account in future space missions for Mars studies and exploration