The Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Porfirio Diaz 1876-1911

19th Century Latin America: Nation Building Effects of Modernization Neocolonialism Dependency Theory Export based economy Lack of rural development Decrease in communal and church lands Civil liberties compromised Foreign ownership Urbanization Abolition of slavery Rio Branco Law of 1871 British Investment in Latin America (1914) $5 Billion U.S. Investment in Latin America (1914) $1.6 Billion

19th-20th Century Latin America: Nation Building Latin American Economic Development Cientificos Order and Progress Exports Natural resources Imports Foreign capital Manufactured goods

Porfirio Diaz Also from Oaxaca Mixtec & Spanish blood Military was his way to power Battle of Puebla Runs on issue of “no reelection” He quickly forgot his origins.

Mexico Under Diaz 1876-1911 Worked the system Rurales The Cientificos Controlled the leadership of states Handed out perks Rurales Little more than sanctioned bandits The Cientificos Tied to Social Darwinism White man rule Train the elite Pan o palo – bread or club If you played along you got bread, if not you got the club Ley de Fuego Catholic Church Priests in Mexico increased from 3,000 to 6,000 When came back in told his wife they would have to carry him out next time.

Mexico Under Diaz 1876-1911 Yaquis Conflict Stability led to investment Railroads – all ran north and south Telephones and telegraphs Immigrants Foreigners protected in courts Ley Lerdo applied to ejidos (Native Indian communal land) Rails play a big part in the Revolution Yaqui in northwest Mexico resist and are rounded up and shipped to Yucatan to harvest henequen.

Mexico Under Diaz 1876-1911 Mexican Land Distribution 1911 The 900 largest landowners own over 9 million acres of land Most campesinos owned no land Exported cash crops but imported food stuffs

Mexico Under Diaz 1876-1911 “ I have no desire to continue in the Presidency. This nation is ready for her ultimate life of freedom.” Diaz Interview, Pearson’s Magazine (1908) Interview was with James Creelman. Diaz misjudged the impact

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Long Term Causes Political Economic Mexican President Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911) Exercises caudillo style of governing Government is corrupt, inefficient, and authoritarian (ley fuega) Economic Hacienda system High concentration of land ownership Foreign ownership of major industries

Madero in San Antonio (center) 1910 Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Long Term Causes Social Lack of upward mobility High rates of poverty Short Term Cause Election of 1910 (June-September) Francisco Madero Opposition candidate Arrest and election fraud Plan of San Luis Potosi Madero flees to U.S. Madero in San Antonio (center) 1910

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Mexican Revolution Presidents Madero Huerta Carranza Obregon 1911-13 1913-14 1914-20 1920-24

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Emiliano Zapata 1879-1919 Pancho Villa 1877-1923

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Overthrow of Diaz Feb. 1911 Madero returns to Mexico Pancho Villa Supports Madero May 1911 The Treaty of Ciudad Juarez Diaz exiled to France Nov. 1911 Madero elected president of Mexico Emiliano Zapata Opposed Madero Plan of Ayala (Nov. 1911)

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Madero Presidency (1911-13) Administrative Policies Land Reform Rebellion in Northern Mexico (March 1912) Rebel leader Pascual Orozco Rebellion suppressed by General Victoriano Huerta and Villa Huerta arrests Villa Overthrow of Madero U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson Murder of Madero Huerta become president of Mexico Francisco Madero

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Huerta Presidency (Feb.1913- July 1914) Restores military dictatorship Rebellion against federal government continues Plan of Guadalupe Venustiano Carranza Alvaro Obregon April 1914 U.S. troops occupy Vera Cruz July 1914 Rebel forces defeat government forces. Huerta sent to exile August 1914 Carranza becomes president of Mexico Oct-Nov 1914 The Convention of Aguascalientes Dec. 1914 Rebels enter Mexico City Victoriano Huerta

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Villa and Zapata Mexico City 12/14

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Carranza Presidency (Aug.1914- May 1920) Civil War (1915-1920) Obregon defeats Villa Columbus, New Mexico (March 1916) The Punitive Expedition (March 1916-Feb. 1917) Jan. 1917 Zimmerman Telegram Feb. 1917 Mexican Constitution adopted April 1919 Zapata murdered May 1920 Obregon overthrows Carranza Reasons Carranza executed Villa makes peace with Obregon Venustiano Carranza

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Warfare Type Technology Tactics Role of Women Home Front

Mexican Revolution Warfare: Technology

Mexican Revolution Warfare: Technology

Mexican Revolution Warfare: Tactics

Mexican Revolution Warfare: Tactics

Mexican Revolution Warfare: Tactics

Mexican Revolution Homefront

Mexican Revolution Homefront

Mexican Revolution Role of Women: Soldaderas

Mexican Revolution Role of Women: Soldaderas

Post Revolution Mexico 1920-1940 Mexican Administrations Alvaro Obregon 1920-24 Reconstruction period Modest agrarian reform policy Pro business Political stability Assassinated in 1928 Alvaro Obregon 1920-24 Reconstruction period Modest agrarian reform policy Pro business Political stability Assassinated in 1928 Elias Calles 1924-28 Agrarian reform policy Created Bank of Mexico Cristeros rebellion 1926-29 National Revolutionary Party Increase in party corruption Maximato 1928-35 Reelection amendment Extension of presidential terms

Post Revolution Mexico 1920-1940 Mexican Administration Lazaro Cardenas 1934-40 Implements large scale land distribution Shuts down illegal business activity Deports Calles to the U.S. (1936) Modest improvement in standard of living for Mexican peasants Nationalizes foreign owned oil companies Stops most reforms by the end of his term High water mark for the PNR