` International Standards for Media Governance Prepared by Michael Karanicolas Legal Officer Centre for Law and Democracy

Broadcast vs. Electronic Broadcasting: a rich expressive environment requires significant government intervention, particularly to allocate spectrum as a public resource. Online: a rich expressive environment requires a light regulatory touch, to preserve the freewheeling character of online discourse.

Overarching Principle: Public Interest Freedom of expression and access to informationFreedom of expression and access to information Diversity of media ownership and contentDiversity of media ownership and content Broad reach within societyBroad reach within society A sustainable resource baseA sustainable resource base

Structuring a Regulatory Body IndependentIndependent Focused on the public interestFocused on the public interest Open and transparentOpen and transparent Subject to judicial oversightSubject to judicial oversight

Spectrum Allocation Public Service BroadcastingPublic Service Broadcasting Community BroadcastingCommunity Broadcasting Commercial, private sector broadcastingCommercial, private sector broadcasting

Community Broadcasting Creating by and for a particular communityCreating by and for a particular community Primary purpose is to deliver a social benefit to that communityPrimary purpose is to deliver a social benefit to that community Licensing should be fair, open and transparentLicensing should be fair, open and transparent Should have access to a diversity of funding sourcesShould have access to a diversity of funding sources Public funding, where available, should be administered through a fair, open and transparent processPublic funding, where available, should be administered through a fair, open and transparent process

Public Service Broadcasting Independently runIndependently run DiverseDiverse Inform, educate and entertainInform, educate and entertain Publicly funded, though additional sources of revenue may be acceptablePublicly funded, though additional sources of revenue may be acceptable

Private Commercial Broadcasting Regulated in order to ensure a diversity of services and fair competitionRegulated in order to ensure a diversity of services and fair competition Public service requirements are legitimate in consideration of broadcasters’ use of the public airwavesPublic service requirements are legitimate in consideration of broadcasters’ use of the public airwaves Grants, subsidies and advertising dollars should be allocated in a fair and transparent mannerGrants, subsidies and advertising dollars should be allocated in a fair and transparent manner

Thank you! Michael