Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable. The 4 D’s – deviant, dysfunctional, distressing, dangerous

Early Theories Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out. Demonic possession Trephining was often used.

Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/PerspectiveCause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/PsychodynamicInternal, unconscious drives HumanisticFailure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. BehavioralReinforcement history, the environment. CognitiveIrrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. SocioculturalDysfunctional Society Biomedical/NeuroscienceOrganic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

DSM- 5 Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures. DSM V – released in May, 2013

Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy

Anxiety Disorders A group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or apprehension. Patient fears something awful will happen to them. In a state of tension, dread, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

Phobias Sudden episodes of intense dread of a specific object or situation. Must be an irrational fear. May impede daily functioning.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD Person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Worried, feels inadequate, oversensitive, can’t concentrate, often suffers from insomnia. Person cannot identify specific cause of feelings.

Panic Disorder Recurrent, minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, sweating, racing heart, faintness, choking and other frightening sensations. Often think they are having a heart attack or are dying

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular repetitive actions or rituals. Compulsions are meant to lower anxiety caused by the thoughts (obsessions). DSM-V removes this from list of Anxiety Disorders, creates own category Chad’s OCD

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD Flashbacks or nightmares following involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. Memories of the event may cause anxiety, nightmares, trouble sleeping, concentrating Lasting longer than a month

Somatoform Disorders Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through physical symptoms, slightly more common in women. Two types……

Hypochondriasis Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. Usually believes minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative of more severe illnesses, there is a constant fear of developing serious illness.

Conversion Disorder Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason, usually has rapid onset. Like blindness, numbness or paralysis. mystery-illness-0

Dissociative Disorders Involve a loss of contact with portions of consciousness or memory, disruption in one’s sense of self. There Three types….

Psychogenic Amnesia A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. Usually personal information like one’s name, specific personal events. Associated with stress or trauma Retrograde Amnesia, NOT organic amnesia.

Dissociative Fugue (Flight) Sudden travel from home (flight), afterward cannot remember the trip or even personal information; amnesia; people find themselves in an unfamiliar environment. May take on a whole new identity in new place.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder. Person has several alters rather than one core, integrated personality. DID sufferers commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma. May experience blackouts or losses of memory or time. ombDs&feature=related

Mood Disorders Experiences extreme disturbance of or inappropriate emotions. May be referred to as Affective Disorders

Major Depression Feelings of worthlessness, exhaustion, loss of pleasure, hopelessness lasting 2 weeks or more with no apparent cause. The “common cold” of psychological disorders. Dysthymia – moderate depression lasting 2 years or more. I have a Black Dog

Seasonal Affective Disorder Experiences of depression during the winter months. Based not on temperature, but body’s reaction to low levels of sunlight. Usually treated with light therapy, melatonin.

Bipolar Disorder Formally Manic Depression. Incredible mood swings of depression and manic episodes. Mania involves feelings of high energy, excitement, restlessness, elation (some get confident and some get irritable). May engage in extremely risky behavior during the manic episode. Many are very creative during manic periods.

Personality Disorders Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function and have normal social relationships. Dominates one’s personality.

Borderline Personality Disorder pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions very impulsive, often demonstrating self-injurious behaviors (risky sexual behaviors, cutting, suicide attempts). experience intense abandonment fears and inappropriate anger, even when faced with a realistic time-limited separation or when there are unavoidable changes in plans, they may believe that this “abandonment” implies they are “bad.” Abandonment fears are related to an intolerance of being alone and a need to have other people with them at all times

Antisocial Personality Disorder/Sociopath Lack of empathy, morality and ethical rules and conscience. Little or no regard for other’s feelings. Manipulative, impulsive, lack sense of guilt View the world as hostile and look out for themselves. May be charming, personable and friendly – part of manipulation.

Avoidant Personality Disorder Extreme shyness Feelings of inadequacy Sensitivity to rejection These individuals feel inferior to others

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Having an unwarranted sense of self- importance. Thinking that one is the center of the universe. Lacks empathy, overly self involved.

Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors. Not as extreme as OCD anxiety. Usually controlling- focused on neatness and orderliness

Schizotypal Personality Disorder odd or eccentric solitary, few, if any, close relationships generally don't understand how relationships form or the impact of their behavior on others may misinterpret others' motivations, behaviors and develop significant distrust of others secretiveness, emotional coldness, and sometimes (sexual) apathy.

Schizophrenic Disorders About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1.Disorganized thinking 2.Disturbed perceptions 3.Inappropriate emotions and actions /20 Video part 1: 20/20 Video part 2:

Jani – Childhood Schizophrenia abc.go.com/2020/166626/254267/inside-the-world-of-childhood-schizophrenia?brandid=001 schizophrenic-mentally-ill-children-threaten- tear-family/story?id= schizophrenic-mentally-ill-children-threaten- tear-family/story?id=

Disorganized Thinking The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention- they cannot filter out information.

Delusions (false beliefs) Delusions of Persecution- people are out to get me Delusions of Grandeur – can save the world or have a special mission

Disturbed Perceptions Hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation: hearing voices, seeing things that aren’t there.

Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect- little or no emotion Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia - can remain motionless for hours in odd body positions, called Waxy Flexibility

Positive v. Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms Presence of excesses of behavior; hallucinations, delusions; distorted thinking, rocking, pacing Negative Symptoms Absence of appropriate behaviors; Poor attention, flat affect, poor speech, social withdrawal

Types of Schizophrenia

Disorganized Schizophrenia Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. Strange facial expressions, inappropriate silliness, giggling, obscene behavior "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic“ Severe deterioration of adaptive behaviors.

Paranoid Schizophrenia Anxiety, anger, jealousy, argumentativeness, hallucinations “The CIA is watching me!” - Delusion of persecution. “I am Jesus Christ!”- Delusion of grandeur Makes up about 40% of diagnoses

Catatonic Schizophrenia Flat effect – no emotional expression Waxy Flexibility – odd body posturing Parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements Extreme withdrawal mixed with extreme excitement, frantic movement 8% of diagnoses

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Many and varied symptoms, no one type dominates catch-all diagnosis, about 40% of cases.

Treatment of Schizophrenia Medical – In 1950s, major tranquilizers (called neuroleptics or anti-psychotic drugs – i.e. chiorphomazinel) discovered to control positive symptoms. These drugs block dopamine receptors in the brain. Side affects include tardive dyskinesia Tardive dyskinesia – movement disorder that affects face, mouth, neck, extremities – New drugs called atypical antipsychotics have been introduced (clozapine, which seems to help both positive and negative)

Treatment of Schizophrenia Psychological – Social skills training, family therapy, community treatment programs (halfway houses) psycho- education of the family

Other Disorders Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) Fetishism sadist, masochist Eating Disorders Substance use disorders ADHD

Unit 13-Therapies It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized. Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization.

Psychoanalytic Therapy Freudian Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis, free association, dream, interpretation). Influence of unconscious forces, internal conflicts, childhood traumas and repressed impulses Transference- therapist interprets unconscious conflicts Other therapies will result in symptom substitution.

Humanistic Therapy Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers These are non-directive therapies and use active listening, seek to foster personal growth, focus on development of full potential. Self-actualization, free-will and Unconditional Positive Regard. Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self.

Behavioral Therapies Applies the principles of learning Counterconditioning Classical Conditioning 1.Aversive Conditioning 2.Systematic desensitization 3.Flooding Operant Conditioning 1.Token Economy

Cognitive Therapy Change the way we view the world (change schemas) Rid patient of maladaptive, faulty ways of thinking, replace with more adaptive thought processes Aaron Beck - Depression Albert Ellis - Rational Emotive Therapy

Somatic Therapies Psychopharmacology Anti-psychotics (thorazine, Haldol) Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Bipolar (lithium)

Somatic Therapy Treatment by organic methods: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Psychotropic Drugs Psychosurgery – lobotomy Mega vitamin therapy

Group Therapy Treatment with 2 or more participants who interact with each other on emotional and cognitive levels with one or more therapists, psychotherapists, facilitators, etc. Problems can be shared in a respectful, understanding environment. Enhance self-respect, interpersonal relationships, self- understanding

And we’re done….