MSE608B Abdullah Aldegaiter professor: Mohammed Rajai Managing Personal Stress

Agenda : Improving the Management of stress and time Major Elements of Stress Managing Stress Eliminating stressors Developing Resiliency Temporary Stress Reduction Techniques Personal Case Study Conclusion

Improving the Management of Stress and Time Every time a survey is done, The percentage of workers feeling highly stressed is highly increasing. Due to job stress, 1 million workers are absent from work each day. Only in USA, more than $12 billion will be used on stress management training and products. According to 25 years old study of employee’s surveys, incompetent management is the largest cause of of workplace stress. Reference : American Institute of Stress The National Institute for Occupational Safety American Psychological Association

Major Elements of Stress Lewin’s theory: All individuals and organizations exist in an environment filled with reinforcing or opposing forces. The forces affecting individuals are normally balanced in the force field. There will be change in performance when the forces become imbalanced. Certain stressors inside or outside individual are from stress feelings

Reaction to stress There are 3 stages of stress people have to face respectively: Alarm stage Resistance stage Exhaustion stage There are 5 types of defense mechanisms: Aggression: attack stressor directly Regression: use behavior that was successful before Repression: deny that stress exists Withdrawal : leave stressful situation Fixation: persist in response regardless of effectiveness. RESILIENCY Physical Psychological Social RESILIENCY Physical Psychological Social REACTIONS Physiological Psychological REACTIONS Physiological Psychological STRESSORS Anticipatory Encounter Time Situational STRESSORS Anticipatory Encounter Time Situational

Major element of stress Coping with sress : 1. Enactive strategies: create new environment free of stressor. 2. Proactive strategies: create dynamic resist negative stress. 3. Reactive strategies: minimize temporarily the effect of stress.

Managing Stress There are 4 main types of stressors: Time Stressors : Situational Stressors: Work overload Rapid Change lack of control unfavorable working conditions Encounter stressors: Anticipatory stressors: Role conflicts unpleasant expectation Issue conflicts Fear Action conflicts

Eliminating Stressors Type of Stressor Elimination Strategy Time Efficient time management delegating Encounter Collaboration and team building emotional intelligence Situational Work redesign Anticipatory Goal setting

A- Time management:

Eliminating Stressors Managing Time Stressor Efficiently: 1) focusing in the important cases, not just the urgent one. 2) knowing the difference between the important and the urgent cases. 3) no matter what method you use, result is always the most important thing. 4) keep the word ‘’NO’’ in your dally use.

Stress Reduction: The graph below shows the percentage of effective tools for reducing stress

Eliminating Stressors There are 2 ways to Eliminate encounter stressors : 1) collaboration: join stable knit group. 2) Emotionally intelligent people can: a) Can recognize their own emotions and manage them b) empathize with the emotions of others c) regulate emotionally influenced behavior and by managing others emotions.

Eliminating Stressors Creating a goal is one of the strategies that you can use to get rid of anticipatory stressors. Small win is the second way that you can use to eliminate anticipatory stressor. work redesign which include ( combine tasks, form identifiable work unit, establish customer relationship, increase decision and open feed back channels) is the best way to eliminate situational stressors. There are 4 steps that help to make a goal setting: Step 1: ID desired goal Step 2: ID necessary actions to achieve goal Step 3: Gain members buy-in Step 4: Evaluate and reward

Developing Resiliency It is basically the way you manage the negative effect of stress and come back in your feet. It is one of the important elements for managing stress. Some stressors will not leave you, its part of your personal factors. Because of that you can got to conclusion that resiliency is different among people.

Developing Resiliency There are 3 main components of resiliency development : 1 : physiological Resiliency: good health help you always with stress ( work out, eat right). 2: Social Resiliency : having a good relationship with people around you( family, friends, girlfriend). 3: psychological Resiliency: like I said people are different, so there are people who can handle stress very well and there are others who had hard time getting rid of it.

Temporary Stress Reduction Techniques Muscle relaxation Deep breathing Imagery and fantasy Rehearsal Reframing

Personal Case Study In 2013, it was my last year in CSULB and I was in so much stress for several reasons. One of the reasons was complexity and difficulty of the 400 levels classes. Also, failing was not an option because my scholarship was going to expired in the last month of the year, and there was no way to extend that. Furthermore, I want to start my master degree right away, so I was preparing for the GRE in the same time I was finishing my last year in school. facts: o 28 percent of college women and 24 percent of college men rated sleep difficulties as "traumatic or very difficult to handle" within the last 12 months. – American College Health Association's Spring 2013 National College Health Assessmentsleep difficulties as "traumatic or very difficult to handle" within the last 12 months. – American College Health Association's Spring 2013 National College Health Assessment

Effects of the problem Effects: lack of sleep Lost concentration No social life Spending so much money in expensive books and tutoring

Solutions of the problem o New environment : started dinning out with my friends on break time o Temporarily action: heading to the gym when I feel I cant take more studying and release my anger over there. o Dynamic resist: adapt this style of life by understanding that what I am going face in the future or more pressure

Conclusion Summary: Some facts about stress and how it is effecting the economy. Explained what is lewin’s is all about. Reaction of stress and major elements of it. Eliminating Stressors,developing Resiliency and stress Reduction. Case study

Gaining Power and Influence MSE608B Abdullah Aldegaiter professor: Mohammed Rajai

Agenda Building a strong power base and using influence wisely A balanced View of Power Strategies for gaining organizational power transforming power into influence Conclusion

Building a strong power base and using influence wisely Political competence: it is skill that people gain from experience. According to fortune magazine report, ’Fearless and ambitious unseasoned twenty-something's flooding the managerial market’’ in 1998, almost 12 percent of young employees (20-34) got hired in managers position even thought they have no experience but they had the respect from the hole organization. Professor John Kotter has great influence in his students, he help them to be more strong and face the difficulties from the earlier age by assigning the areal life assignment. ( Bogdan J.Dawidowicz)

Abalance View of Power Mangers and leaders should understand the best way of using power in the work field, so they could gain from it. Outstanding leaders share significant characteristics: 1) they made other feel powerful 2) know how to build a strong power base in their organizations 3) they know how to be influential(the gain accomplish from their peer)

A Balanced View of Power Powerlessness creates bossiness and not true leadership. The negative view of personal power is especially common in cultures that place a high value on ascription, rather than achievement, and on collectivism, rather than individualism( Triandis,1994;trompenaars.1996). The main goal of having a balance view of power is to help mangers to stay on the top of the power curve ( page 256), and this could be done by having these 2 skills: 1-Overcome feelings of powerlessness 2-Use it for interpersonal influence People with a personal power outlook use power for personal gain.

A Balanced View of Power o Powerful mangers can : 1) solve any conflict between employees. 2) putting the right person in the right position 3) making accomplishment and be outstanding decision makers

Strategies for gaining organizational power The power is the potential of influence behavior. Personal attributes and position character are the 2 factors to determine personal power in an organization. We need to use power wisely when : 1 : organizations are become less hierarchical, they downsize the layers or the organizations. 2: Information Technology (IT) is a good source for organization’s decentralization. 3: traditional boundaries within and between organization become blurred.

Strategies for gaining organizational power Characteristic of personal power : 1: Expertise – task relevant knowledge 2: personal Attraction – describe characteristic associated with friendship 3: Effort – higher than expected commitment of time 4: Legitimacy – behavior consistent with key organizational value Leader’s charisma: 1:Inspiring people and explore a vision 2:Be scarified 3:Act as unconventional 4:Sensitive towered people

Relationship between personal power and trustworthy : ExpertiesReliableEffortDependable

Relationship between personal power and trustworthy: AttractionLikableLegitimacyAcceptable

Strategies for Gaining Organizational Power Characteristic of position power: 1) Centrality: having the power to access to information in communication network 2) Flexibility: A mount of discretion vested in a position 3)Visibility : basically, ‘’ lead by example’’ 4) Relevance :what you do matters Centrality : 1)Horizontal work relationship attached with similar level of power. 2) Vertical work relationship attached with different level of power. 3)Increase level of power characterize different approach strategies Flexibility : Position with ease rules can manage the work easily

Strategies for Gaining Organizational Power Visibility 1:Direct contact communication 2:Involve in problem solving 3: Name recognition

Transforming Power into Influence There are 3 ways to turn your power to influence: 1. Retribution: using direct approach to force people to do what you say or pressure them. 2. Reciprocity: use either bargaining or obligation people to help them to do what u ask for 3. reason : show some evidence so people can understand or realize what you want.

Neutralization of Retribution Strategy Neutralization of retribution strategy can be done in following ways : o Use countervailing power to shift dependence to interdependence o Try to resist actively o By Confronting the exploiting individual directly. Neutralization of reciprocity strategy can be done in following ways : o Examine the intent of any gift or favor-giving activity o Confront individuals who are using manipulative bargaining tactics o Refuse to bargain with individuals who use high-pressure tactics 34

Neutralizing Reason Strategies Neutralization of reason strategy can be done in following ways : The adverse effects of compliance on performance can explained. One should firmly refuse to comply with the request. By defending your personal rights 35

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