Ancient Greece Chapter 4 Pages

Geography Greece occupies a small area of a mountainous peninsula and numerous islands—it’s about the size of Louisiana. The mountains isolated Greeks from one another. The communities were very independent. Greeks were seafarers (because Greece has a long seacoast with many harbors).

Minoan Civilization Early Minoan civilization – the forerunner for Greece - began on the island of Crete, around 1700 BC. Evidence shows extensive trade and a very advanced culture, which was exported to mainland Greece at Mycenaea. How did the geography of Greece present obstacles to a unified Greek country?

Minoan Civilization Minoan Civilization was one of the earliest examples of what has come to be called Greek civilization. Minoans were trading at the same time as the Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians. The remains of the palace at Knossos included private living rooms, amazing decorations, even bathrooms with fancy drains. This is the palace at Knossos.

Mycenaeans 1600 BC – 1200 BC  Sea traders –traded to Sicily, Italy, Egypt and Mesopotamia.  Warriors, living in several city-states.  The Mycenaean city state became the mainland Greek civilization.  Best known for Trojan War. (textbook, pg ).

City-States: The Polis In Ancient Greece, the city-state was called a polis. The polis was made up of a city, town, or village, and the surrounding countryside. The polis was the center of Greek life.

The Polis The main gathering place in a polis was usually a hill. At the top of the hill was a fortified area called the acropolis. Below the acropolis was the agora – the market.

The Polis The polis was a community of people with common goals and a common identity. It consisted of three groups: 1. Citizens with political rights (adult males) 2. Citizens with no political rights (women and children) 3. Noncitizens (slaves and resident aliens)

Greek Colonies Many Greeks began to leave Greece and settle in new lands. Two reasons for this are the search for better land to farm and the desire for more trade. The new Greek colonies helped spread Greek culture and political ideas throughout the region.

Tyranny in the City-States Some Greek men began to get very rich from the growth of trade and industry. Some Greek men began to get very rich from the growth of trade and industry. This new rich class wanted political power, but had a hard time getting it from the aristocrats (upper class people) who were in power at the time. This new rich class wanted political power, but had a hard time getting it from the aristocrats (upper class people) who were in power at the time. So, the rich men began to support tyrants. So, the rich men began to support tyrants. These tyrants took the aristocrats’ power by force! These tyrants took the aristocrats’ power by force!

Tyranny in the City-States Tyrants ended the rule of aristocrats in many Greek city- states. This meant that more people were allowed to participate in government. Some city-states even began to develop democracy, which is government by the people.

Athens and Sparta Athens and Sparta 1200 – 0 BC Athens and Sparta Greece itself was made up of separate Greece itself was made up of separate city-states, which were constantly at war. city-states, which were constantly at war. Define city-state Define city-state City-state definition: Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. City-state definition: Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. Two major city-states: Athens and Sparta. Two major city-states: Athens and Sparta. Athens and Sparta Comparison Chart! #4! Athens and Sparta Comparison Chart! #4!

#4 Athens and Sparta Comparison Chart  You have 20 minutes to work on your Athens and Sparta Comparison Chart!  Get busy!  When you finish, work on #5 and #6.

Athens Athens Government: Government: Limited democracy (only male citizens could participate), Council of 500 which made the laws, voting Assembly. Limited democracy (only male citizens could participate), Council of 500 which made the laws, voting Assembly. Soldiers and the Military: Soldiers and the Military: Citizen soldiers – only during wartime. Athens was in charge of the Delian League when Greece was attacked by Persia. Citizen soldiers – only during wartime. Athens was in charge of the Delian League when Greece was attacked by Persia. Slaves: Slaves: No political rights or freedoms. Owned by individuals No political rights or freedoms. Owned by individuals Women: Women: Cared for the home, limited political rights. Cared for the home, limited political rights. Education: Education: Upper class boys only. Military training and preparation for government involvement. Knowledge was important for a democratic government. A great importance placed on artistic endeavor and philosophy. Upper class boys only. Military training and preparation for government involvement. Knowledge was important for a democratic government. A great importance placed on artistic endeavor and philosophy. Sparta Sparta Government: Government: Two kings (military generals) and a council of elders. Citizens were male, native born, over 30. Only they could vote. Two kings (military generals) and a council of elders. Citizens were male, native born, over 30. Only they could vote. Soldiers: Soldiers: Military society, all males prepared to be soldiers from birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30. Military society, all males prepared to be soldiers from birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30. Slaves Slaves Owned by the State Owned by the State Women: Women: Prepared physically for fighting, right to inherit property, must obey men. Prepared physically for fighting, right to inherit property, must obey men. Education: Education: Boys only. Military based training from age 7. Taught to fight. Prohibition against trade, travel and mixing with other city-states. Boys only. Military based training from age 7. Taught to fight. Prohibition against trade, travel and mixing with other city-states.

Persian Wars 490 – 479 BC The Greek city-states did not unite until faced with a common enemy: Persia

Delian League By 479 BC, the Greeks had defeated the Persians on land in Asia Minor and stopped their advance—Look at your map on page 122: Where does the War end? Athens emerged from the war as the most powerful city-state in Greece. To continue the struggle against Persia, Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with the other Greek city states. Athens dominated the Delian League and used its wealth to create an Athenian empire.

AthensAthens – The City Pericles Built Athens  Direct Democracy – Citizen assembly voted directly on laws  Every male citizen took part in the governing assembly and voted.  Emphasis on arts, architecture, philosophy and medicine  Athens became the center of Greek culture.

Athens – Conquered by Sparta In 404 BC, Sparta attacked and conquered the fading Athenian empire in what came to be know as the Peloponnesian War. For the next century, fighting continued to dominate the Greek city-states. By 359 BC, the Macedonians from the north, under the leadership of Philip II invaded and conquered all of Greece.

The World of Alexander the Great 359 BC – 323 BC Philip of Macedonia  Philip conquered Greece in 359 BC  His next conquest was to be the Persian empire.  The Macedonian army was the most superbly trained in the world. It made use of the phalanx configuration.  Philip was assassinated before he could attack and conquer Persia.  His son, Alexander (20)– took the throne.

Over the course of the next eleven years, Alexander proceeded to conquer the entire Persian empire. When Darius surrendered, Alexander took over all of his realm and his possessions. Alexander even married Darius daughter! Alexander

Upon the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his empire began to divide and dissolve. However, Alexander left behind a legacy of Greek thought, language and custom that survives in part today.Alexander the Great The Legacy of Alexander  Local cultures assimilated Greek ideas and language. They became Hellenic – or “Greek like” The Hellenistic Age is the age of world wide Greek culture after Alexander.  Left behind the idea that all people are morally equal. Aided in the spread of Christianity.  Encouraged the work of scholars. Built libraries all over the empire – especially at Alexandria, Egypt. Emphasized mathematics, medicine, science and philosophy.

The Roman World The earliest of the Roman civilizations were the Etruscans. (Textbook to page 150.) With the fall of Hellenic influence, the Etruscans conquered all of the Italian peninsula. Their competition for control of the Mediterranean Sea were the Carthaginians in Africa.Etruscans Carthaginians After three wars with the Carthaginians – called the Punic wars – the Romans emerged as the supreme rulers of the Mediterranean area.

The REAL Hannibal Textbook, page 153. In 218 BC the Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army, including dozens of war elephants, from Spain across the Pyrenees, through Gaul to Rome. Hannibal surprised the Romans and began 15 years of fighting. In the end, the Romans attacked Carthage and ended Hannibal’s attacks against Rome. Rome now ruled the Mediterranean. In 218 BC the Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army, including dozens of war elephants, from Spain across the Pyrenees, through Gaul to Rome. Hannibal surprised the Romans and began 15 years of fighting. In the end, the Romans attacked Carthage and ended Hannibal’s attacks against Rome. Rome now ruled the Mediterranean.

The REAL Hannibal Textbook, page 153. “The Carthaginians fought for their own preservation and the sovereignty of Africa. The Romans for supremacy and world domination.” ( a Greek witness to the destruction of Carthage.) “The Carthaginians fought for their own preservation and the sovereignty of Africa. The Romans for supremacy and world domination.” ( a Greek witness to the destruction of Carthage.) The Romans were committed to a policy of imperialism. The Romans were committed to a policy of imperialism. Define “imperialism” Define “imperialism” Domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region. Domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region.

The Republic of Rome Define Republic Define Republic Republic: System of government in which officials are elected by the people. Republic: System of government in which officials are elected by the people. Senate: Most powerful governing body. 300 members – all patricians. Made the laws. Senate: Most powerful governing body. 300 members – all patricians. Made the laws. First laws codified into the First laws codified into the Twelve Tables Two Consuls – elected by Senate. Ran the government and the army. Two Consuls – elected by Senate. Ran the government and the army. Tribunes – elected by the people (plebeians) Tribunes – elected by the people (plebeians) Judges – Oversaw courts cases Judges – Oversaw courts cases

The Republic of Rome  Wide spread use of slave labor from conquered territories  Slave labor forced small farmers out of business. Led to mass unemployment and poverty.  Mob riots and corruption in the government.  Attempts at reform failed.  Civil wars began.  Julius Caesar emerged as dictator of Rome

Julius Caesar and the Empire of Rome Caesar conquers Gaul What is Gaul called today? Caesar conquers Gaul What is Gaul called today? France France First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil war after Crassus dies in battle. Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil war after Crassus dies in battle.

Julius Caesar and the Empire of Rome Caesar conquers Gaul What is Gaul called today? Caesar conquers Gaul What is Gaul called today? France France First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil war after Crassus dies in battle. Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil war after Crassus dies in battle. Caesar pursues Pompey to Egypt where he meets Cleopatra and has a child with her. Caesar pursues Pompey to Egypt where he meets Cleopatra and has a child with her. Caesar becomes dictator of Rome Caesar becomes dictator of Rome Caesar is assassinated by the Senate he tried to displace. Caesar is assassinated by the Senate he tried to displace. Rome plunges into Civil War. Rome plunges into Civil War. Marc Anthony and Cleopatra are defeated by Caesar Augustus. Marc Anthony and Cleopatra are defeated by Caesar Augustus. Caesar Augustus ends all hope for a further Roman empire. Caesar Augustus ends all hope for a further Roman empire.

Pax Romana Pax RomanaPax Romana, Latin for "the Roman peace", is the long period of peace experienced by states within the Roman Empire. The term stems from the fact that Roman rule and its legal system pacified regions which had suffered from the quarrels between rival leaders, sometimes forcefully. During this time Rome still fought a number of wars against neighboring states and tribes. It was an era of relative peace, in which Rome didn’t experience civil wars or serious invasions. Characterized by rule by emperors and a lack of democracy. Strong military presence. peaceRoman Empireits legal systemRome Pax RomanapeaceRoman Empireits legal systemRome

The Roman Achievement Roman Roads Roman Roads - As early as the 4th century BC, a good road system was recognized as vital for military deployment, communication and increasing commerce. By having an option to traveling around the peninsula or along the coast line of Italy, travelers and merchants could avoid some threat of storms, pirates and navigational problems. Roman Roads  Well trained and extensive military. Because the military presence on Roman roads was so extensive, travel and trade were safer and much faster. Well trained and extensive military Well trained and extensive military  Roman rule of law - An accused person is innocent until proven guilty. Roman rule of law Roman rule of law

The Roman Achievement

 Aqueducts – Roman water systems often carried water to cities from mountain streams hundreds of miles away. Only a highly organized civilization with advanced technology could create such a system. Aqueducts

The Roman Achievement The Roman Achievement  Highly sophisticated public buildings and baths. public buildings baths public buildings baths

The Death of Rome WARM UP WARM UP Open your textbooks to page 175. Open your textbooks to page 175. On a sheet of paper, create a chart like the one on the right. On a sheet of paper, create a chart like the one on the right. Fill in your chart as you read the textbook information for your section. Fill in your chart as you read the textbook information for your section. Political Problems Economic Problems Military Problems Roman dictators seized power by military might. Roman dictators seized power by military might. Terrible rulers Terrible rulers Invasions hurt trade Invasions hurt trade Plague caused a labor shortage Plague caused a labor shortage Terrible inflation caused prices to rise. Terrible inflation caused prices to rise. Invasions created a need for more soldiers Invasions created a need for more soldiers Poor finances made hiring soldiers difficult Poor finances made hiring soldiers difficult

The Rise of Christianity The Rise of Christianity Textbook - page Despite Roman persecution of the early Church, the Pax Romana and the extensive Roman transportation system allowed Christianity to spread throughout the Roman empire. The huge slave population made Christianity attractive to a wide section of the population. By 312 AD, Emperor Constantine had decreed Christianity the official religion of Rome. Despite Roman persecution of the early Church, the Pax Romana and the extensive Roman transportation system allowed Christianity to spread throughout the Roman empire. The huge slave population made Christianity attractive to a wide section of the population. By 312 AD, Emperor Constantine had decreed Christianity the official religion of Rome. Jesus healing the blind man.

Circle Map – Christianity in Rome

Cover Page – Unit 2 Illustrate the cover using words and pictures that explain the forms of republic (A republic is a form of democracy where representatives are elected to make the laws) used in Athens AND in early Rome. Illustrate the cover using words and pictures that explain the forms of republic (A republic is a form of democracy where representatives are elected to make the laws) used in Athens AND in early Rome. Use pages 120 in Chapter 4 for Athenian democracy and page in Chapter 5 for the Roman republic in your textbook. Some websites you can use for pictures and information are: Use pages 120 in Chapter 4 for Athenian democracy and page in Chapter 5 for the Roman republic in your textbook. Some websites you can use for pictures and information are: Athens: racy Athens: racy racy racy greekdemocracy_01.shtml greekdemocracy_01.shtml greekdemocracy_01.shtml greekdemocracy_01.shtml Rome: Rome: t.html t.html t.html t.html Empires of the Ancient World: Greece and Rome Greece and Rome An Interactive Notebook for Unit 2: World History Period 7 By [Your first and last name] Teacher: Mrs. Bradley Date: (Deadline Date) Athenian Democracy Roman Republic