Chapter 2:Macromolecules Section 2.1 Prayer Attendance
Macromolecules There are four types of macromolecules. Macromolecule:CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic acids Function:Energy for daily activities 1.Structure of cells. 2.Can be enzymes. 3.Can be channels to bring substances into cells. 4.Act as hormones. Fats Energy storage Steroids Cholesterol Helps maintain fluidity of membranes. Phospholipids Important for cell membranes and membranes of organelles. RNA helps cells synthesize proteins. DNA is the primary storage of genetic information.
Carbohydrates MonosaccharideDisaccharidePolysaccharide Definition1 sugar2 sugarsMany sugars Structure ExampleGlucoseSucrose Found in table sugar Cellulose Found in plant cell walls Chitin Found in insects, spiders, and lobsters
Protein: Amino Acid Proteins are made of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids. Amino acids have a carboxyl group, amino group, and side group. The side groups give amino acids different chemical properties.
Proteins: Peptide Bonds Peptide bonds join amino acids together. Long chains of these are called polypeptides.
Protein Polypeptide chains fold upon themselves to produce proteins.
Questions 1 1.What are the functions of proteins? 2.What are the 3 types of lipids? 3.What does RNA do? 4.What does DNA do? 5.What is the function of carbohydrates? 6.What are RNA and DNA? 7.Define: monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. 8.What is chitin? 9.Where is chitin found? 10.What are the 3 groups of an amino acid? 11.Draw the structure of an amino acid. 12.What is a long chain of amino acids called?
Lipids: Fats Structure: 3 carbon glycerol molecule with 3 long hydrocarbon chains.
Lipids: Steroids Structure: Has 4 fused carbon rings. Cholesterol is the most common steroid. Other steroids our sex hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. These are produced by the sex organs and affect the body.
Lipids: Phospholipids Structure: The glycerol molecule is attached to 2 fatty acid tails and 1 phosphate group. The phosphate head group is hydrophilic. The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. Sometimes, an additional chemical group, is attached to the phosphate, this often gives the phospholipid unique chemical properties.
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, & a nitrogenous base. There are two classes of nucleic acids: RNA and DNA.
DNA DNA is a double helix made of two strands. The two strands are connected by hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides. Each strand has a sugar phosphate backbone. The two strands of the helix are antiparallel.
DNA DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases : adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). Base pairing rule: A pairs with T because they are complementary. G pairs with C because they are complementary. A and G are purines, they are made of 2 rings. C and T are pyrimidines, they are made of 1 ring. A and T are joined together with 2 hydrogen bonds. G and C are joined together with 3 hydrogen bonds.
DNA The structure of DNA was made by Watson and Crick.
Questions 2 1.Draw the chemical structure of a fat. 2.Draw the chemical structure of a steroid. 3.What is the most common steroid? 4.What is the chemical structure of a phospholipid? 5.What is the base pairing rule? 6.What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? 7.How many hydrogen bonds join A and T? 8.What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? 9.What is the overall shape of DNA? 10.What is the backbone of a DNA made of? 11.What is a purine? 12.Who showed us the structure of DNA?