Anatomy & Physiology Introduction and Terminology Morehead State University

Definitions Anatomy Science that deals with the form and structure of all organisms Physiology Study of integrated functions of the body and the functions of all its parts Systems, organs, tissues, cells, cell components Gross Anatomy Study of organs, parts, and structures that are visible with the unaided eye Also called macroscopic anatomy Comparative Anatomy Study of structures of various species of animals with emphasis on those characteristics that aid in classification

Embryology Study of the developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception (fertilization of the egg) to birth Microscopic Anatomy (histology) Study of tissues and cells that can only be seen with the aid of a microscope

Nomenclature for Systematic Anatomy SystemName of StudyChief Structures SkeletalOsteologyBones AritcularArthrologyJoints MuscularMyologyMuscles DigestiveSplanchnologyStomach and Intestines RespiratorySplanchnologyLungs and airways UrinarySplanchnologyKidneys and urinary bladder ReproductiveSplanchnologyOvaries and testes EndocrineEndocrinolgyDuctless Glands NervousNeurologyBrain, spinal cord, nerves CirculatoryCardiologyHeart and vessels SensoryEsthesiologyEye and ear

Anatomy of Terms Prefix Beginning of word Usually indicates #, location, time, or status Root Essential meaning of word Combining Vowel Single vowel added to end of word, usually to make the word easier to pronounce Combining form Root and combining vowel Suffix End of word Usually indicates procedure, condition, disease, or disorder

Prefix Added to root of a word to modify the meaning Pre- Before Ex. Preoperative (before an operation) Peri- Around Ex. Perioperative (pertains to the period surrounding an operation; either before, during or after) Post- After Ex. Postoperative (after operation)

Combining Vowel Added to make a medical term easier to pronounce Used when suffix begins with a consonant i.e. –scope (arthroscope=examines the joint) “O” is most common, but “I, E” is also used Not used when suffix begins with vowel i.e. –it is (gastritis=inflammation of stomach) ALWAYS used when 2+ root words are joined Gastr/o (stomach) joined with enter/o (small intestine) =gastroenteritis NOT used between prefix and root words

Combining Forms Root word + combining vowel Usually used to describe a part of the body Creates new words when added to prefixes, other combining forms, and suffixes Ex. Panleukopenia Pan- prefix meaning all Leuk/o Combining form meaning white (root word and combining vowel) -penia A suffix meaning deficiency or reduction in number Panleukopenia then means a deficiency in all white blood cells

Suffixes Attached to the end of a word part to modify its meaning Ex. Combining form gastr/o means stomach Modifications: -tomy – cutting into or incision (gastrotomy=incision into the stomach) -stomy – surgically created opening (gastrostomy=surgically created opening between stomach and body surface) -ectomy – surgical removal or excision (gastrectomy=surgical removal of the stomach)

Analyzing Medical Terminology Dissect Look at the word structure and divide it into basic components Begin at the END After dividing the word: Define the suffix Define the prefix Define the roots If two, divide and read left to right Examples: Gastroenteritis gastr/o – enter – itis- Overiohysterectomy ovario/o- hyster -ectomy

A B D C E D F E

Positional Terms Cranial Towards the head Caudal Towards the tail Ventral Belly or underside or a body or body part Dorsal Back Front of leg/paw Rostral Nose end of head Proximal Nearest the mid-line or nearest the beginning of a structure Distal Farthest from mid-line or farthest from the beginning of a structure

More Positional Terms Anterior Front of the body Used more in description of organs or body parts because front and rear are confusing terms in quadrupeds as their bellies are down not in front like in humans Posterior Rear of the body Medial Towards the midline Lateral Away from the midline Superior Uppermost, above, or towards the head. Used most commonly in bipeds Inferior Lowermost, below or towards the tail. Used most commonly in bipeds

One More Positional… Superficial Near the surface Also called external Deep Away from the surface Also called internal Palmar (A) Caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus Means hollow of hand in Latin Basically, back legs/paws in front legs Planter (B) Caudal surface of the paw (rear paw) including the tarsus Means sole of foot in Latin Basically means back of foot /paw in rear limb A B

Plainer Terms

Median Plane Divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves Sagittal Plane Parallel to median plane but doesn’t divide the body into equal parts Transverse Plane At right angles to the median plane and divides body into cranial and caudal segments Cross-section of body would be on transverse plane Ex. Cinch on a saddle Horizontal Plane At right angles to both median and transverse planes Divides body into dorsal and ventral segments Ex. Cow walks into water up to chest…the water surface is a horizontal plane in relation to the cow

Species Terminology Canine (Dog) Dog/stud Intact male dog Bitch Intact female dog Whelp (pup) Young dog Whelping Giving birth to whelps Pack Group of dogs Litter Multiple offspring born during same labor Feline (Cat) Tom Intact male cat Queen Intact female cat Kitten Young cat Queening Giving birth to kittens

Psittacine (parrots and other birds with seed cracking bills) Lagomorph (Rabbits) Buck Intact male rabbit Doe Intact female rabbit Lapin Neutered male rabbit Murine (mice and rats) Sire Intact male mouse or rat Dam Intact female mouse or rat Pup Young mouse or rat

Chickens (poultry) Rooster Sexually mature male chicken (also called a cock) Hen Intact female chicken Poult Young chicken Chick Very young chicken Flock Group of chickens Porcine – Swine (pigs) Boar Intact male pig Sow Intact female pig Barrow Male pig castrated when young Stag Male pig castrated after maturity Gilt Young female pig that has not farrowed Pig or piglet Young pig; old term is shoat Farrowing Giving birth to pigs Herd Group of pigs

Equine (horses, ponies) Stallion Intact male > 4 yrs old Mare Intact female > 4 yrs old Filly Intact female <4 yrs old Gelding Castrated male Foal Young equine (either sex) Weanling Young equine < 1 yr old Foaling Giving birth to equine Herd Group of equine Band Group of horses consisting of one mature stallion and female offspring of his mares Brood Mare Breeding female Maiden mare Female equine never bred Barren mare (open mare) Intact female not bred or didn’t conceive previous season

Donkey/ Burro Jack Intact male donkey Jenny Intact female donkey

Caprine (Goat) Buck Intact male Doe Intact female Wether Castrated male Kid Young goat Kidding Giving birth to goats Herd Group of goats Ovine (sheep) Ram Intact male Ewe Intact female Wether Castrated male Lamb Young sheep Lambing Giving birth to sheep Flock Group of sheep

Camelid (llamas, alpacas) Cavey (guinea pigs)

Bovine (Cattle) Bull Intact male Cow Intact female that has given birth Heifer Young female that has never given birth Steer Male castrated when young Calf Offspring

Classification of Animals Domestic Animals AnimalSpecies Name Horse (equine)Equus caballus Ox (bovine)Bos taurus (european) Bos indicus (indian / brahma) Goat (caprine)Capra hircus Sheep (ovine)Ovis aries Pig (swine)Sus scrofa domestica Cat (feline)Felis catus Dog (canine)Canis familaris Genus (upper case) Species (lowercase)

Classifying Animals with hooves Ungulate (means hoof) Horse Ox Goat Sheep Pig Number of Toes Artiodactyla (even # toes) Ox Goat Sheep Pig Perissodactyla (odd # toes) horse

Classifying Based on Digestive Systems Carnivores Dog Cat Herbivores Ruminants Ox Goat Sheep Non-Ruminants Horse Rabbit Omnivore Pig Monogastric